TOPIC TEST 3

Question 1

What does physiology focus on

Answer 1

the physical and chemical functions of anatomical/ structural/ molecular traits

Question 2

describe the arctic

Answer 2

extreme environment with expected physiological adaptions. ex: fluctuations in day length

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

self-regulating process where biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions

Question 4

What gets regulated in homeostasis

Answer 4

Temperature, water, concentration of ions and substrates, pH, and blood pressure

Question 5

Which energy is heat a form of

Answer 5

thermal energy

Question 6

What does more thermal energy indicate

Answer 6

faster moving molecules and atoms

Question 7

what does less thermal energy indicate

Answer 7

slower moving molecules and atoms

Question 8

conduction

Answer 8

heat transfer that happens between 2 solids

Question 9

convection

Answer 9

heat transfer that occurs between solid and either a liquid or gas

Question 10

radiation

Answer 10

heat transfer between bodies that are not in contact

Question 11

evaporation

Answer 11

heat loss that occurs through the energy required to evaporate water

Question 12

conformers

Answer 12

conforming to external conditions

Question 13

ectotherms

Answer 13

internal temperature depends on external temperature. ex: fish, reptiles, insects, etc

Question 14

regulators

Answer 14

internal conditions kept stable via homeostatic mechanisms

Question 15

endotherms

Answer 15

internal temperature remains stable despite external temps. ex: birds, turtles, etc

Question 16

what part of the brain controls regulation of physiological variables

Answer 16

hypothalamus (brain)

Question 17

which sensor detects regulation of physiological variables

Answer 17

thermoreceptors on sensory neurons

Question 18

what is cell signaling

Answer 18

homeostasis and feedback loops require information to move from one location to another. ex: neural system

Question 19

insulation

Answer 19

fat, fur,feathers helps arctic species help insulate heat. traps heat generated by organism.

Question 20

countercurrent exchange

Answer 20

improves the transfer of substances between two fluids. maintains a concentration or temperature gradient along its length

Question 21

metabolic rate

Answer 21

is the amount of energy expended by an organism in a given time period

Question 22

basal metabolic rate

Answer 22

metabolic rate of an organism at rest

Question 23

absolute metabolic rate

Answer 23

increases with increasingly large organisms

Question 24

mass-specific metabolic rate

Answer 24

is the metabolic rate per unit of body mass. smaller organisms tend to have higher mass-specific metabolic rates than larger organisms.

Question 25

what is the state of torpor

Answer 25

state of decreased physiology activity, lowered temperature, and metabolic rate. (lasts long =hibernation)

Question 26

what is white adipose cells used for

Answer 26

energy storage

Question 27

what is brown adipose cells used for

Answer 27

burn energy for heat, more mitochondria, responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis

Question 28

mitochondria in brown adipose tissue

Answer 28

uncoupling protein which allows proteins through without using

Question 29

What can freezing interrupt?

Answer 29

movement of ions and molecules across cell membranes and balance of electrolytes and dehydration

Question 30

antifreeze proteins

Answer 30

lowers freezing point by restricting the ability of ice crystals to attach/grow

Question 31

which part of the cell physiology does freezing interrupt

Answer 31

the cell membrane

Question 32

what is acclimation

Answer 32

process by which organisms adjust to changes in their environment to maintain homeostasis

Question 33

what are the short term physiological changes of acclimation

Answer 33

occurs within minutes or hours

Question 34

what are the long term physiological changes of acclimation

Answer 34

occurs over days or weeks or months