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Population and the Environment > Topic Overview > Flashcards

Topic Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is the world population?

A

7.9 billion

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2
Q

What is the global fertility rate?

A

2.3

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3
Q

Population density

A

The number of people living in an area, usually given as people per km2.

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4
Q

Population

A

All the inhabitants of a particular place

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5
Q

The Fertile Crescent

A

This is a band of densely populated area with very fertile soil

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6
Q

What areas are densely populated?

A
  • the Fertile Crescent
  • South-East Asia
  • Asia Pacific Rim
  • coastlines
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7
Q

What areas are sparsely populated?

A
  • deserts
  • rainforests
  • where it is too cold - e.g., in the Arctic Circle
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8
Q

What were infant mortality rates like pre-1950?

A

They were really high. People would have around 6 children, but 3 or 4 of them would die before becoming parents themselves

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9
Q

What did the Industrial Revolution lead to?

A
  • better wages
  • more food
  • tapped water
  • better sanitation
  • soap
  • medical advances
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10
Q

What is the minimum fertility rate needed for population to grow?

A

2.1

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11
Q

What does population growth look like for the future?

A

We are expecting a slowing down in the next 100 years - the population will reach about 11 billion and then start to flatten. Although, this is only a projection, so there is some uncertainty.

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12
Q

What was the UK population in mid-2020?

A

67.2 million

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13
Q

Give some physical factors affecting population density

A
  • topography / relief of the land
  • climate
  • hazards
  • water supply
  • distribution of / access to resources
  • quality of the soil
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14
Q

Why are there more people where the soil is fertile?

A

You can grow lots of crops, creating lots of food, therefore attracting people to the area.

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15
Q

How does climate affect population density?

A

In cold areas, such as Greenland, where there are low levels of sunlight, there is low photosynthesis, meaning that barely any crops can be grown and so, not many people will live here for there is not a reliable food supply. Moreover, climate can also affect diseases - for example, Malaria occurs in tropical climates, which can put people off visiting / living in a particular area.

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16
Q

Why is a water source essential to an area?

A

Water is needed for irrigation, meaning that crops can be grown and a population sustained through this food. People need water as an essential to live and drink, so without a reliable supply, the population will be very small.

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17
Q

Why is Bhutan sparsely populated?

A

Because it is mountainous

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18
Q

What is something that has allowed rapid industrialisation?

A

Access to resources

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19
Q

An advantage of flooding

A

Floods fertilise soil, so you can grow more

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20
Q

What is the fertility rate like in Niger and why?

A

Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world. It has a total fertility rate of 7, because the infant mortality rate is so high.

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21
Q

Where are climate-related diseases often found?

A

In between the tropics

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22
Q

Where are most major cities?

A

On a coast or river

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23
Q

Population distribution

A

The pattern of where people live

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24
Q

Crude birth rate

A

The number of births per 1000 people (CBR)

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25
Q

Crude death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people (CDR)

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26
Q

Natural increase

A

The difference between the CBR and the CDR usually expressed as a % per year. Natural increase (%) = CBR - CDR

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27
Q

Fertility rate

A

Sometimes called the Total Fertility Rate (TFR), this is the average number of children that are born to a woman during her lifetime

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28
Q

What is the world’s most crowded city?

A

Dhaka, Bangladesh

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29
Q

What is the population density of Dhaka, Bangladesh?

A

44,500

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30
Q

What was the annual population growth rate from 2011-2015 for the UK?

A

0.6

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31
Q

Where will population grow the most in the future?

A

Africa

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32
Q

What is the minimum temperature many crops need in order to grow?

A

5ºC

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33
Q

Give two types of soil prone to hazards

A

Rich volcanic or alluvial soils (e.g., because of volcanic eruptions or floods)

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34
Q

What is the population distribution like in Egypt?

A

95% of the population live on about 4% of the country’s land (around the River Nile, demonstrating the importance of water supply in determining population distribution)

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35
Q

What are population numbers recorded by?

A

Census data

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36
Q

How often is census data collected in most countries?

A

Every 5 or 10 years

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37
Q

What is the expected world population in 2050?

A

9.7 billion

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38
Q

What percentage of the world’s population live in Asia?

A

Around 60%

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39
Q

What are the most densely populated areas?

A
  • coastal areas + seaboards
  • major river basins
  • areas of industrialisation + urbanisation
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40
Q

What is projected to happen to the population of Sub-Saharan Africa by 2050?

A

It is projected to double

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41
Q

What is projected to happen to the population of north and west Africa by 2050?

A

A 46% increase in population

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42
Q

What was the population in 1700?

A

1 billion

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43
Q

How has the population in Sub-Saharan Africa increased?

A

From 10% in 1950 to more than 25%

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44
Q

In 1850, how much of Britain’s population lived in towns and cities?

A

More than half

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45
Q

What is Nigeria’s population set to rise to by the end of the century?

A

800 million

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46
Q

What is Malthusianism?

A

The idea that population growth is potentially exponential

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47
Q

What is demographic transition?

A

A process allowing the population to stabilise at a higher level.

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48
Q

What is the world’s most populated country?

A

China

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49
Q

What was the average global food supply in the 1960s?

A

About 2300 calories/person/day

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50
Q

What was the average global food supply in the 1960s for those in HICs?

A

3080 calories/person/day

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51
Q

What was the average global food supply in the 1960s for those in LICs?

A

2000 calories/person/day

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52
Q

Has the average global food supply calories/person/day risen or fallen?

A

It has risen

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53
Q

What was the average global food supply in 2010?

A

2800 calories/person/day

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54
Q

Why has the average global food supply calories/person/day increased, given that population has risen?

A

By 2010, even though global population had increased by 2.5 times, increases in agricultural production have meant that the world produces enough food to provide 2800 calories/person/day

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55
Q

What type of system does agriculture work as?

A

An open system

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56
Q

Inputs to agricultural systems

A

Physical, human + economic factors that determine the type of farming in the area

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57
Q

Processes in agricultural systems

A

The activities carried out to turn inputs into outputs

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58
Q

Outputs in agricultural systems

A

The products from the farm

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59
Q

Are wealth and calorie intake linked?

A

Yes

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60
Q

Is high population density and high calorie consumption linked?

A

No

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61
Q

What is calorie intake like between the tropics?

A

There is less calorie intake, due to these countries being mainly LICs

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62
Q

Why might calorie intake be higher where it is colder?

A

Because you need to eat more to stay warm

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63
Q

Where are the most calories consumed?

A

In Western countries in the Northern Hemisphere

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64
Q

Periodic famine

A

The regional failure of food production or distribution systems, leading to increased mortality due to starvation and associated disease. E.g., if you get a drought - this is triggered by a human or physical cause.

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65
Q

Malnutrition

A

Develops when the body doesn’t get the right amount of the vitamins, minerals and other nutrients it needs to maintain healthy tissues and organ function

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66
Q

Undernourishment

A

The status of people whose food intake does not include enough calories (energy) to meet minimum physiological needs

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67
Q

Over-nourishment

A

The excessive consumption of food which can increase the risk of developing health problems

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68
Q

Approximately how much of the ‘usable’ land on the planet is used to grow food?

A

Around half

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69
Q

How much of food produced worldwide is wasted?

A

Around 1/3

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70
Q

How has food production changed over the years?

A

Food production has increased steadily at a rate higher than population has increased - we are producing more food than there is people

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71
Q

Is there enough food worldwide?

A

There is enough food, it is just in the wrong places

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72
Q

What is an arable farm?

A

A farm that grows crops

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73
Q

Give some physical inputs to the agricultural system

A
  • seeds
  • irrigation
  • sunlight
  • temperature (needs to be reasonably warm)
  • nutrients
  • land
  • wind
  • rain
  • soil
  • food for the animals
  • feed
  • breeding stock
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74
Q

Give some human inputs to the agricultural system

A
  • labour and capital
  • money (being spent on machinery etc)
  • irrigation
  • fertiliser
  • pesticides
  • storage
  • transport
  • farmer needs knowledge + skills
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75
Q

Processes in the agricultural system

A
  • harvesting
  • spraying
  • irrigation
  • planting
  • ploughing
  • feeding
  • milking
  • threshing
  • calving / birthing
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76
Q

Possible physical changes to the agricultural system

A
  • climatic conditions (climate change)
  • hazards
  • spread of disease
  • fires
  • droughts
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77
Q

Possible human changes to the agricultural system

A
  • climate change

- fluctuations in prices

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78
Q

Positive outputs to the agricultural system

A
  • crops and animal produce
  • meat / milk / other animal produce
  • food
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79
Q

Negative outputs to the agricultural system

A
  • gas emissions (methane, greenhouse gases) - this leads us to possible changes in the farming system
  • chemicals in soils could harm animals. Some chemicals on plants can get washed off into the soil. Eutrophication
  • soil erosion
  • pollution
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80
Q

Eutrophication

A

Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to run-off from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life.

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81
Q

Tropical monsoon climates: location

A

Asia, the Indian subcontinent and other areas around the Pacific Ocean

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82
Q

Tropical monsoon climates: characteristics of climate zone and vegetation

A
  • distinguished by wet and dry seasons
  • summer wet season May - October, lots of heavy rain
  • by November, wind directions are reversed
  • in winter, cool and dry winds blow from the Asian interior to the sea
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83
Q

Tropical monsoon climate: importance and type of agriculture

A
  • rice is cultivated during the monsoon season
  • none of the rice is wasted. Not only is it a staple food, the ‘waste’ from when the rice is threshed and winnowed is used as fodder for animals, kindling for fires and even woven into hats, mats, screens and baskets
  • as long as there is sufficient water for irrigation, even the paddies can be reused during the dry season for second rice crops, or for beans, lentils and wheat
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84
Q

Tropical monsoon climate: threats to this region

A

Weak monsoon rains result in crop failure, which affects the economy in a negative manner, due to lower production. Later on, this translates into rising prices, low industrial output and other issues.

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85
Q

Polar tundra climates: location

A

Above the Arctic circle. Polar and tundra climates cover more than 20% of the Earth.

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86
Q

Polar tundra climates: characteristics of climate zone and vegetation

A
  • the tundra climate is very cold

- hours of summer sunshine may be long, but temperatures rarely exceed 0ºC?

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87
Q

Polar tundra climates: importance and type of agriculture

A
  • the harsh climate and associated tundra vegetation have supported indigenous people sustainably, albeit at substance levels, for thousands of years.
  • for example, the Inuit in northern Canada and Greenland have hunted caribou and seals in winter and fished in summer, but always sustainably.
  • the Sami of Northern Europe have followed the seasonal movements of reindeer northwards to the treeless tundra in summer and southwards to the boreal (coniferous) forests in winter. Their hunting has long provided most of their food and material needs - sustainably because of their low population density.
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88
Q

Polar tundra climates: threats to this region

A
  • human activities are restricted and characterised by fishing, adventure tourism and particularly mineral exploitation, rather than land-based agriculture
  • climate change
  • air pollution
  • industrial activity
  • invasive and migrating species
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89
Q

Invasive species

A

An organism that is not indigenous or native to a particular area. It harms its new environment, because they change habitats and starve native animals of food and resources, for example.

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90
Q

Semi-arid climates: location

A

Found near the equator, between the tropics of cancer and Capricorn.

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91
Q

Semi-arid climates: characteristics of climate zone and vegetation

A
  • characterised by savanna vegetation, which consists of tall grasses and occasional woody trees
  • they are an area of transition between wet, tropical rainforests and dry, hot deserts
  • can receive plenty of rain or long periods of drought
  • rainfall is seasonal and averages 25 - 50 cm per year, depending on the location
  • vegetation growth does take place within the wet season, but water levels are insufficient to sustain many plants other than grass.
  • temperatures are determined by latitude. The semi-arid regions of North America are much cooler than those found in Africa.
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92
Q

Semi-arid climates: importance and type of agriculture

A
  • agriculture is the most important form of economic activity for African countries such as Niger and Senegal. Agriculture consists of 3 systems of farming: pastoral, rainfed mixed and irrigated mixed.
  • crops produced include millet, cowpea, sorghum, cotton and groundnut
  • livestock involves rearing cattle, sheep, goats and camels
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93
Q

Semi-arid climates: threats to this region

A
  • farming is unreliable in this region, because of the climate. As a result, food insecurity is widespread and many suffer malnutrition.
  • population growth is outstripping food supply. Population across the Sahel as a whole is expected to triple in the space of just 40 years.
  • climate change is making rainfall levels less reliable and therefore, agriculture is becoming more difficult. In the Sahel between 1970 and 1993, there were 20 years of widespread and severe drought.
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94
Q

Mediterranean climates: location

A

Warm, coastal regions found between 30º and 45º in latitude. This climate is mostly found in the Mediterranean Sea.

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95
Q

Mediterranean climates: characteristics of climate zone and vegetation

A
  • characterised by shrubs, thorny bushes and small trees
  • there are summer and winter seasons
  • summers: warm to hot and very dry
  • winters: mild to cool and wet
  • mediterranean climates receive around 50 cm of rainfall a year
  • vegetation found in this climate type tends to be small and drought resistant
  • there are many fruit trees, grape vines, figs, olives and citrus fruits that grow well in this region.
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96
Q

Mediterranean climates: importance and type of agriculture

A
  • intensive viticulture (grape cultivation) takes place and supports the wine, sherry and port industries
  • citrus fruits, olives and figs are also cultivated here - their long roots, sparse foliage and waxy-skinned fruits grow well in this type of climate
  • pastoral farming is not as common, because grass has shallow roots and does not grow well here, so grazing land is scarce
  • farming is reliable in this region and food security is high, so large numbers of people can be supported
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97
Q

Mediterranean climates: threats to this region

A
  • the biggest threats come from development, as these areas are in warm, coastal locations that are desirable for accommodation and tourism
  • climate change is shifting climate belts and a warming of just 2ºC could lead to arid and semi-arid climate belts encroaching on the Mediterranean Basin, resulting in an increasingly dry climate.
  • the Mediterranean Sea is warming at a faster rate than other bodies of water, which is affecting marine life, such as sea grass and dolphins.
  • rainfall levels have been decreasing during the winter months, which means that groundwater aquifers are not being recharged, and therefore, less water is available for the growth of crops during the summer months. These trends mean that greater levels of irrigation are required for agriculture to continue at current levels in the Mediterranean Basin.
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98
Q

What affect is climate change having on agriculture?

A
  • there is a concern that climate change will result in less predictable weather conditions, which would jeopardise traditional rice production and has led to research into less water-intensive methods of cultivation, in which the grain is sown directly into the soil.
  • warmer temperatures will increase the length of growing seasons and may increase production of crops such as sugar beet and leafy vegetables. Although, crops such as autumn-sown cereals may yield less than their potential if they mature earlier
  • the increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere will continue to increase plant growth generally
  • reduced availability of water will likely result in drier soil conditions, reducing growth in crops, pasture and trees
  • summer drought likely to become more frequent
  • sea level rise will result in increased flooding = can lead to substantial losses in crop production in low-lying agricultural areas and may contribute to compaction, water logging and erosion of soil.
  • pests and diseases will be found in more areas geographically
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99
Q

Give some different causes of climate change that will effect agriculture

A
  • increase of temperature
  • floods
  • droughts
  • sea level rises
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100
Q

What does CCAP stand for?

A

Climate Change Adaptation Project

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101
Q

Give an example of a Climate Change Adaptation Project (CCAP)

A

Indian state of Haryana, Mewat (south of Delhi)

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102
Q

Give some strategies being introduced in the CCAP of Haryana, India

A
  • heat-stress tolerant varieties of wheat introduced to increase yields by 12-18%
  • integrated soil and pest management programmes
  • farmland was levelled to improve water efficiency by 15-20%
  • underground pipelines to deliver drip irrigation, leading to 40% water saving
  • greater crop diversity encouraged
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103
Q

What is likely to be the hardest hit sector as a result of climate change?

A

Agriculture

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104
Q

Why is agriculture likely to be the hardest hit sector as a result of climate change?

A

Because of its dependence on the weather

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105
Q

What is the monthly mean temperature in tropical monsoon climates?

A

Above 18ºC in every month of the year

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106
Q

Around how many people’s lives are threatened by desertification?

A

1 billion people in around 100 countries

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107
Q

Food security

A

According to the United Nations, this is when all people at all times have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

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108
Q

What are the 4 dimensions of food security?

A
  • food availability
  • food access
  • food utilisation
  • food stability
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109
Q

Food availability

A

Where food is made to exist for consumption at local levels where needed foods can be located without striving

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110
Q

Food access

A

Access by individuals to adequate resources (entitlements) for acquiring appropriate foods for a nutritious diet

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111
Q

Food utilisation

A

Being able to eat and properly metabolise foods that meet nutritional needs

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112
Q

Food stability

A

Access, availability and utilisation of food remains relatively stable over time

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113
Q

What is the GAFSP?

A

The Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme

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114
Q

What is the goal of the GAFSP?

A

To increase the incomes, food and nutrition security of those in low-income countries through productivity improvements in agriculture, building their resilience and helping them adapt to climate change

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115
Q

Where is there lots of food security?

A

In Western parts of the world where countries are more secure economically

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116
Q

Where is there lots of food security risk?

A

In the Southern Hemisphere, with the continents of Asia and Africa facing the largest food security risk.

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117
Q

Why is there lots of food insecurity risk in Asia?

A

Because of the very high population

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118
Q

Why is there lots of food insecurity risk in Africa?

A

Because of financial insecurities

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119
Q

Give some ways that global food security can be improved

A
  • using science and technology
  • we must do a better job at distributing the food we have got - there is enough food for everyone, we just don’t distribute it well
  • if we want to avoid a hungry future, we need to make sure we keep a healthy population of farms and farmers around our cities - we need to support local food systems
  • we need stronger regulation and proactive government policy - need to promote more sustainable farming
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120
Q

What was the ‘green revolution’?

A

The green revolution was a great increase in the production of food grains, especially wheat and rice, that resulted in large part from the introduction into developing countries of new, high-yielding varieties, beginning in the mid-20th century

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121
Q

How did the ‘green revolution’ help food security?

A

The increased grain yields caused by it meant more income for poor farmers, helping them to climb out of poverty and, more food means less hunger. Increase in crops means there is more food for locals and there is less pressure on importing things, which also means there are less financial concerns attached and money can be used in other ways.

122
Q

What is the ‘gene revolution’?

A

The gene revolution is the application of bio-technology in food production (Genetically Modified (GM) crops).

123
Q

How is the ‘gene revolution’ helping food security?

A

Genetically modified crops possessing genes from different species could possibly relieve global food shortages. GM crops will be able to grow in difficult climatic conditions and are resistant to the pests and disease. This will mean more food can be produced in areas that previously couldn’t support the growth of crops, providing locals with food and there is less reliance on inputs (which have economic strains). Less pests and disease also means that more of the crops are safe for human consumption, so more food is available, reducing food insecurity.

124
Q

Gene flow

A

GM crops could mix with traditional crops and introduce unwanted, new characteristics into them.

125
Q

What was the world population in 1960?

A

3 billion

126
Q

How can we stop population growth?

A

By improving child survival to 90%

127
Q

What factors affect farming type?

A
  • temperature
  • rainfall
  • soil type
  • money / capital
  • sunlight hours
  • wind
  • relief / topography
128
Q

What types of farms are there?

A
  • arable farm
  • pastoral farm
  • mixed farm
129
Q

Arable farm

A

One which grows crops

130
Q

Pastoral farm

A

One which has animals

131
Q

Mixed farm

A

One which has both crops and livestock

132
Q

Where does arable farming usually take place?

A

On flatter land where soils are of a higher quality

133
Q

What is the most common form of agriculture in the UK?

A

Mixed farming

134
Q

What does intensive farming involve?

A

High investment in labour and/or capital such as machinery, glasshouses and irrigation systems

135
Q

What does commercial farming involve?

A

Farmers and agribusinesses maximising profits by specialising in single crops (monoculture) or raising one type of animal.

136
Q

Extensive farming

A

This uses low inputs of labour, machinery and capital, but usually involves large areas of land; yields per hectare are consequently low

137
Q

What is the opposite of intensive farming?

A

Extensive farming

138
Q

Subsistence farming

A

Involves the direct production of sufficient food to feed the family or community involved, with any excess produce sold or bartered.

139
Q

Different types of farm

A
  • sedentary
  • nomadic
  • subsistence
  • commercial
  • arable
  • pastoral
  • mixed
  • extensive
  • intensive
140
Q

Sedentary farm: definition

A

A farm that is static (doesn’t move)

141
Q

Sedentary farm: example

A

UK

142
Q

Nomadic farm: definition

A

A farm which moves around (set up in one area then moves to the next)

143
Q

Nomadic farm: example

A
  • West Africa
  • Rainforests
  • Desert areas / semi-desert regions
144
Q

Subsistence farm: definition

A

A farm which produces just enough food to survive, involves growing what you need

145
Q

Subsistence farm: example

A
  • nomadic pastoralism

- slash-and-burn

146
Q

Commercial farm: definition

A

Large-scale, grow food to sell

147
Q

Commercial farm: example

A

Potato cultivation in the UK

148
Q

Arable farm: definition

A

A farm which grows crops

149
Q

Arable farm: example

A

Slash-and-burn cultivation technique in Latin America

150
Q

Pastoral farm: definition

A

A farm which involves animal rearing

151
Q

Pastoral farm: example

A

Herding of cattle, sheep, goats and camels in semi-desert regions of West Africa

152
Q

Mixed farm: definition

A

A farm which grows crops and rears animals

153
Q

Mixed farm: example

A

Mixed farming in Fife takes advantage of some of the most productive, easily worked soils in Scotland.

154
Q

Extensive farm: definition

A

Farming over a massive area

155
Q

Extensive farm: example

A
  • hill sheep farming in upland regions of the UK

- the Lake District sheep farming

156
Q

Intensive farm: definition

A

Farming a small area, but getting a lot out of that small area

157
Q

Intensive farm: example

A

South-west England

158
Q

Soil

A

The unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the Earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.

159
Q

Zonal soils

A

Those that have been forming for long periods of time under the influence of climate and vegetation

160
Q

What are the different bands of soil known as?

A

Horizons

161
Q

What are the different letters for the horizons of zonal soils?

A

O, A, B, C and R

162
Q

Zonal soil layer: O

A

Organic, humus, rotting vegetation, where leaves are broken down

163
Q

Zonal soil layer: A

A

Topsoil, good for growing crops

164
Q

Zonal soil layer: B

A

Subsoil, rich in minerals

165
Q

Zonal soil layer: C

A

The rock that is being weathered

166
Q

Zonal soil layer: R

A

Bedrock, rock layer at the bottom, solid rock, not yet weathered

167
Q

What can be seen when you put the different soil horizons together?

A

They form a soil profile

168
Q

What are the 3 major horizons that most soils have?

A

A,B,C

169
Q

Give two key zonal soils

A
  • Tropical Red Latosol

- Podsols

170
Q

What are the seasons like in rainforests?

A

Rainforests don’t really have seasons and have leaves falling off trees all year round.

171
Q

Tropical Red Latosol: location

A

Found 5º either side of the Equator in the rainforest biome

172
Q

Tropical red latosol: vegetation

A
  • very biodiverse
  • there is a year-round growing season, meaning that deciduous tropical equatorial rainforest trees can shed their leaves at any time of the year
  • constant supply of leaf litter
173
Q

Tropical red latosol: nutrient cycling

A
  • rapid nutrient cycling
  • the year-round growing season provides a constant supply of leaf litter, which decomposes with other biota into humus, supplying nutrients to support sustainable new growth
  • leaves fall all year round
  • for things to rot, it needs to be hot and damp. The rainforest has these conditions
174
Q

Tropical red latosol: characteristics

A
  • red
  • infertile
  • found in hot, wet, humid climates
  • can become quickly exhausted of stored nutrients
175
Q

Tropical red latosol: human activity

A

Recent decades have seen deforestation on a massive scale, by felling, bulldozing and burning. Population growth and economic development are considered reasons for this deforestation.

176
Q

Podsols: location

A
  • sub-Arctic and Arctic
  • there is a cold climate with little rainfall
  • no leaching here
  • not a lot of evaporation happening in the Arctic
  • get very waterlogged soil
177
Q

Podsols: vegetation

A

Coniferous trees (don’t lose their leaves, don’t require many nutrients, can grow in poor soil). Boreal coniferous forest. Evergreen trees like fir, spruce and pine.

178
Q

Podsols: nutrient cycling

A

Poor nutrient cycle, no calcium, magnesium and potassium, leading to a poor mor (acidic) humus

179
Q

Podsols: characteristics

A
  • Accumulation of a hard pan of iron beneath the zone of leaching, marking the highest point of the water table.
  • Clear differentiation of horizon, few mixing agents like earthworms and ants
180
Q

Podsols: human activity

A

Burning heather and managed logging (?)

181
Q

What factors speed up nutrient cycling?

A

Hot, wet conditions

182
Q

Leaching

A

Nutrients are washed out of the soil

183
Q

What is soil mainly made up of?

A
  • mineral particles
  • organic materials
  • air
  • water
  • living organisms
184
Q

What is the very top layer of the Earth’s surface?

A

Soil

185
Q

Why is soil important?

A
  • soil is needed for food
  • soil sustains biodiversity, as everything has to grow in soil
  • soil is important for stability and support for things to be built on
  • soil is a habitat; things, such as worms, live in the soil
186
Q

Is soil finite or infinite?

A

Soil is finite

187
Q

What does soil being finite mean?

A

When soil is finite, it means it has the potential to run out, making it invaluable

188
Q

Biota

A

The animal and plant life of a particular region, habitat or geological period

189
Q

Humus

A

The organic component of soil, formed by the decomposition of leaves and other plant material by soil microorganisms

190
Q

Nutrient Cycle

A

A repeated pathway of a particular nutrient or element from the environment through one or more organisms and back to the environment

191
Q

Gully

A

Make deep channels in (land)

192
Q

What is rainforest soil like?

A

Very infertile

193
Q

Tropical equatorial rainforest biome conditions

A

Hot, wet, humid and without seasons

194
Q

Deciduous trees

A

Trees that lose their leaves

195
Q

Coniferous trees

A

Trees that do not lose their leaves

196
Q

Why is urbanisation bad for soil?

A

Urbanisation involves building impermeable surfaces (such as concrete) over soil = we lose access to this soil and this creates other problems, such as increased runoff

197
Q

Zonal soil simple definition

A

Fully developed soil

198
Q

Where do podzols occur?

A

In cool, temperate climates in the northern hemisphere, where there is more precipitation than evapotranspiration

199
Q

Are tropical red latosols or podzols acidic?

A

Podzols are acidic

200
Q

Are podzols good for agriculture?

A

No

201
Q

Is the O horizon quite thick in tropical red latosols or podzols?

A

Tropical red latosols

202
Q

Why is the O horizon quite thick in tropical red latosols?

A

Because of the year-round plant growth

203
Q

What is higher in rainforests - rainfall or evapotranspiration?

A

Rainfall is higher than evapotranspiration in rainforests

204
Q

What gives the tropical red latosols their colour?

A

Iron compounds within it

205
Q

Are tropical red latosols good for agriculture?

A

No

206
Q

Why are tropical red latosols poor for agriculture?

A

Because of their low nutrient content

207
Q

What does burning vegetation to clear a plot of land add to the soil?

A

Nutrients

208
Q

Soil erosion

A

Soil erosion is a gradual process, occurring when the impact of water or wind detaches and removes soil particles, causing the soil to deteriorate.

209
Q

Waterlogging

A

Waterlogging is excess water in the root zone accompanied by anaerobic conditions, which is the saturation of soil with water

210
Q

Salinisation

A

The process of increasing the salt content in soil is known as salinisation. It is the process by which water-soluble salts accumulate in the soil.

211
Q

Structural deterioration

A

This is any change to the material or the geometric properties affecting the structural performance. Structural deterioration in soil most commonly refers to compaction (the compression of soil particles so that the space between them is diminished).

212
Q

Soil degradation

A

This describes what happens when the quality of soil declines, lessening its capacity to support animals and plants.

213
Q

How much food is produced from the soil?

A

About 99%

214
Q

How much carbon does soil contain?

A

The world’s soil contains 2-3 times more carbon than the atmosphere

215
Q

How many microorganisms are in one teaspoon of soil?

A

In one teaspoon of soil, there are more microorganisms than there are people on the Earth

216
Q

Give an insect which makes and sustains soil

A

Earthworms

217
Q

What do earthworms do to the soil?

A

They create small channels in the soil (they create breathing holes), which are like lungs in the soil. This creates space for plant roots to grow and keeps the soil alive.

218
Q

How long does it take us to build up soil?

A

It takes more than 100 years to build up just 5 mm of soil.

219
Q

Give some ways in which we are destroying soil

A
  • chemical contamination
  • urbanisation
  • landslides
  • erosion
220
Q

How old is our soil in the UK?

A

Around 15,000 years old

221
Q

When did our soil form in the UK?

A

After the last ice age

222
Q

How much are we losing soil faster than it’s able to rebuild?

A

We’re losing soil 50-100 times faster than it’s able to rebuild.

223
Q

What percentage of soil is thought to be unhealthy in Europe?

A

60-70% of soils

224
Q

What is soil management?

A

About the conservation of soil

225
Q

Give some ways in which we can manage soil erosion

A
  • afforestation
  • terracing
  • direct drilling
  • controlled grazing
  • improved drainage
  • strip cropping
  • contour ploughing
  • shelter belts
226
Q

Contour ploughing: advantage

A

Takes advantage of the natural slopes and stops water from building up

227
Q

Contour ploughing: disadvantage

A

Not sufficient when there is really heavy rain

228
Q

Terracing and bunds: advantages

A
  • maximises the use + potential of the land

- really good in tropical monsoon climates

229
Q

Terracing and bunds: disadvantage

A
  • doesn’t do anything to help against wind erosion, which is one of the two types of soil erosion
230
Q

How can soil be eroded?

A

By wind and by water

231
Q

When does soil erosion become a problem?

A

When the rate of removal of soil by water and/or wind exceeds the rate of soil formation

232
Q

Give two places suffering from soil erosion

A
  • Africa

- the USA

233
Q

Causes of soil erosion in Africa

A
  • using short-sighted farming methods are ineffective and often degrade the fragile soil
  • rapid population growth has increased the pressure
234
Q

Impacts of soil erosion in Africa

A
  • unless current trends are reversed, Africa will be unable to feed 2/3 of a projected 1 billion population in 2025
  • already 2.2 million km squared is classified as degraded land
235
Q

Causes of soil erosion in the USA

A
  • The Great Plains lose 30 million ha of land to damage from the wind per year
  • blowing soil reduces seedling survival
236
Q

Impacts of soil erosion in the USA

A
  • most of the eroded soil enters the atmospheric dust load, where it pollutes the air, damaging human and animal health
  • wind erosion is a threat to the sustainability of the land
237
Q

What percentage of the soil used for agriculture is classed as degraded?

A

40%

238
Q

Causes of soil erosion

A
  • removal of trees in an area = no roots to bind the soil together, soil washed away easier. Deforestation is a cause.
  • wide, open fields = no hedges to act as windbreaks
239
Q

Solutions to soil erosion

A
  • plant fast-growing trees amongst the crops
  • build terraces (steps) and small dams. Terraces mean there is a little bit of flat land, so the water won’t rush down.
  • plant new trees as windbreaks
  • planting different crops between the trees
240
Q

When are changes in soil structure common?

A

When agriculture is practiced (e.g., compaction by heavy machinery can compress the soil, making it almost impenetrable to water and roots)

241
Q

What are the two main categories of soil deterioration?

A
  • loss of organic matter in the topsoil

- compaction

242
Q

Attack rate

A

The number of cases of a disease diagnosed in an area, divided by the total population, over the period of an epidemic

243
Q

Mortality

A

The death of people. It is measured by a number of indices, including death rate, infant mortality, case mortality and attack rate

244
Q

Crude death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people in one year

245
Q

Health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of diseases and infirmity

246
Q

Morbidity

A

Illness and the reporting of disease

247
Q

Case mortality

A

The number of people dying from a disease divided by the number of those diagnosed as having the disease

248
Q

Infant mortality

A

The number of deaths of children under the age of one expressed as 1000 live births a year

249
Q

Epidemic

A

The rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time, usually 2 weeks or less

250
Q

Pandemic

A

An epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people

251
Q

Endemic

A

The constant presence of a disease or infectious agent in a certain geographic area or population group

252
Q

Where is life expectancy highest?

A

Japan with 81 years and 6 months

253
Q

What is the life expectancy in Zambia, Africa?

A

32 years and 6 months

254
Q

What percentage of the world’s doctors do the poorest 1/5 of the world have?

A

2%

255
Q

What percentage of the world’s doctors do the richest 1/5 of the world have?

A

50%

256
Q

How many of the world’s deaths from AIDS are in sub-saharan Africa?

A

80%

257
Q

What percentage of Malaria deaths are in Africa?

A

94%

258
Q

Where do most people die of cancer?

A

In richer countries

259
Q

Why do most people die of cancer in richer countries?

A

Because it has been diagnosed. Also, people in richer countries live longer, so there is more time for them to contract the disease.

260
Q

What is the biggest cause of death globally?

A

Heart disease

261
Q

What do increases in food productivity, supply and transport ensure?

A

A more well-nourished population

262
Q

What do improvements in sanitation and hygiene standards reduce the spread of?

A

Water-bourne diseases

263
Q

Economic factors affecting health around the world

A
  • investment in drainage and sewage systems, especially in urban areas
  • trading of manufactured resources and goods in exchange for a wider variety of foods and medicines
  • technology to improve food productivity (the green revolution, aeroponics etc)
  • better training for doctors, nurses and midwives
264
Q

Social factors affecting health around the world

A
  • improved sanitation
  • better education about sanitation and disease transmissions
  • Aid programmes from the UN or from NGOs which provide healthcare resources
  • advances in medical technology, such as vaccines and antibiotics
  • improved transport infrastructure to distribute food and medical supplies
  • improvements to housing quality so heating / air conditioning is more commonplace and over-crowding is reduced
265
Q

How much has the population increased in the last 50 years?

A

There has been more than a 50% increase in population in the last 50 years

266
Q

When does overpopulation occur?

A

When a species’ population becomes larger than the carrying capacity of its environment

267
Q

In what year was the day of 7 billion people reached?

A

2012

268
Q

Physical factors that influence health and wellbeing

A
  • pollution, can lead to respiratory illness
  • clean water source
  • climate
  • level of development
  • resources
269
Q

Socio-economic factors that influence health and wellbeing

A
  • money for medicine
  • access to healthcare / number of doctors
  • drainage and sewage systems
  • access to food production
  • aid programmes
270
Q

What does ETM stand for?

A

Epidemiological Transition Model

271
Q

Who was the Epidemiological Transition Model proposed by?

A

Abel Omran

272
Q

What are the stages in the Epidemiological Transition Model?

A
  • stage 1: the age of pestilence (infection) and famine
  • stage 2: the age of receding pandemics
  • stage 3: the age of degenerative and man-made diseases
  • stage 4: the age of delayed degenerative diseases
273
Q

What does the Epidemiological Transition Model show?

A

How as a country develops, the greatest number of deaths progresses from being the result of communicable disease to lifestyle-related diseases

274
Q

Stage 1 of the Epidemiological Transition Model

A
  • low life expectancy probable (about 20-40 years)
  • poor sanitation
  • unreliable food supply
  • more infections
  • e.g., Zambia
275
Q

Stage 2 of the Epidemiological Transition Model

A
  • life expectancy about 30-50 years
  • improved sanitation
  • better diet
  • reduced number of infections
  • e.g., rural India
276
Q

Stage 3 of the Epidemiological Transition Model

A
  • life expectancy 50-60 years
  • increased agein
  • rise in lifestyle-related diseases
  • e.g., more developed NEEs, such as urban India and China
277
Q

Stage 4 of the Epidemiological Transition Model

A
  • life expectancy = 70+
  • lots more lifestyle-related diseases
  • dementia and ageing diseases are starting to occur more
  • e.g., HICs such as the UK
278
Q

Which stage of the Epidemiological Transition Model was added after the original model was made?

A

Stage 4

279
Q

Ebola symptoms

A
  • sudden fever
  • vomiting
  • internal bleeding
280
Q

How do people become infected with Ebola?

A

When they have direct contact through broken skin, or the mouth and nose, with the blood, vomit, faeces or bodily fluids of someone with Ebola.

281
Q

Where did the West Africa Ebola pandemic begin?

A

Guinea

282
Q

Between 2013 and 2016, how many people died in the West Africa Ebola pandemic?

A

More than 11,000

283
Q

Factors influencing the fast spread of Ebola

A
  • dysfunctional health systems
  • high population mobility across state borders
  • densely populated capitals
  • lack of trust in authorities
  • fear: people were afraid to go to hospital, because they thought it could be the source of infection
284
Q

Is Ebola an airborne disease?

A

No

285
Q

What disease can the first symptoms of Ebola resemble?

A

Malaria

286
Q

What type of disease is Malaria?

A

A tropical disease

287
Q

How is Malaria transmitted?

A

By mosquitoes

288
Q

What areas are most at risk from Malaria?

A

Areas of poverty

289
Q

What is the simplest and most effective way to prevent Malaria?

A

Mosquito nets

290
Q

How many deaths does Malaria cause every year?

A

660,000

291
Q

Who are the most Malaria deaths in?

A

Children - 70% of Malaria deaths are in children under 5 years old

292
Q

How often does a child die from Malaria?

A

1 child dies every minute from Malaria

293
Q

Factors linking to the physical environment affecting the spread of Malaria

A
  • mosquitoes breed in stagnant water
  • transmission of Malaria is greatest in areas during or just after the rainy season
  • the disease is largely concentrated in the tropics and subtropics
  • the parasites require temperatures of between 16ºC and 32ºC to develop inside the mosquito
  • studies in India show those living in close proximity to forested areas are more susceptible to infection
294
Q

Factors linking to the socio-economic environment affecting the spread of Malaria

A
  • densely clustered housing in built-up areas or overcrowded rooms increase risk of infection
  • unsanitary conditions - areas surrounding houses were dirty and polluted by rubbish and waste (including human), increase risk
  • young children are most at risk as they lack the immunity levels of older generations
  • distance and accessibility to clinics or hospitals affects deaths from Malaria
295
Q

How much have Malaria mortality rates declined by?

A

60% since the year 2000

296
Q

How many children are not protected by mosquito nets in Africa?

A

1 in 4

297
Q

How much are the WHO looking to invest annually into reducing Malaria cases?

A

$8.7 billion annually by 2030

298
Q

Give an NGO helping to reduce Malaria infections

A

The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

299
Q

How much has the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation contributed to combating Malaria?

A

$3.6 billion

300
Q

How is Malaria treated?

A

Malaria is treated with prescription drugs to kill the parasite

Population and the Environment (1 decks)

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