Topic One - Classification Flashcards
Who created taxonomy?
Carl Linnaeus
Who was the first to organize organisms, the Earth, and soul?
Aristotle was the first to do this.
Who came up with the kingdom classification system?
Carl Linnaeus made it.
What is the kingdom classification? What are its levels? Which is most to least inclusive?
It is essentially a taxonomic hierarchy based on shared anatomical characteristics. It goes by:
- Kingdom, which is the most inclusive
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- species, which is the most specific
What is the the binomial nomenclature?
It is a two word naming system, goes Genus species and is still used today.
What does the traditional five-kingdom consist of?
It had five kingdoms. The monera, Protista, fungi, plantae, and Animalia.
What is the monera?
It is unicellular organism and has no nucleus.
What is the protista?
It is unicellular and has a nucleus.
What is fungi?
It is uni/multicellular, has a nucleus, and are decomposers.
What is the Animalia and Plantae?
They have nucleus, and are multicellular.
How was the Traditional 5 Kingdom Classification System classified by?
It was organized by similarities and differences in observable morphological (how you look) and nutritional characteristics.
Why was the Traditional 5 Kingdom Classification System abandoned?
It was limited by physical abilities as you cannot tell things apart. Two organisms can look the same but can have different evolutionary backgrounds.
What does all life store that made it easier to differentiate organisms? How so?
Molecular biology changed everything. All life stores DNA and use ribosomes (rRNA) to translate this info into proteins.
Do the genes for rRNA change often? Can it be used as a marker?
No cannot change too much as it is conserved for all organisms, however, small changes can accumulate. Thus, this gene is used as a marker as it is the same for all organisms.
When we compared rRNA, what can be found?
We can track how much time as passed since a speciation event. When comparing rRNA sequences, the closely related = fewer differences. If it is distantly related, it has more differences.
What did the DNA and rRNA sequences produce for scientists?
It created the current 3-domain classification system, which consists of Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria.
List what is unique about the domain bacteria? What type of cell is it, what was it formerly, what do the cell walls have?
It is unicellular, prokaryotic, formerly in monera, it has a small radius (1-5 micrometers) and its cell walls are made up of a protein called peptidoglycan.
List what is unique about the domain archaea? What type of cell is it, what was it formerly, what do the cell walls have?
It is a unicellular, prokaryotic, formerly in monera, it has small radius (1-5 micrometers) and its cell walls are made up of a protein called pseudopeptidoglycan.
List what is unique about the domain eukarya? What type of cell is it, what was it formerly, what do the cell walls have?
It is uni/multi cellular, eukaryotic, are large (10x bigger than prokaryotic), and its cells walls are made up of cellulose or chitin.
What is unique to prokaryotes DNA? What else makes it different?
They have bacteria and archaea, single, circular DNA molecule. They have no membrane bound organelles.
What is unique to eukaryotes DNA? What makes it different?
They have eurkarya, has multiple, linear DNA molecules. They have an endomembrane system (organelles and membranes).
What is similar between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? What is the ribosome size of the two?
Both have DNA, plasma cell membrane, cytosol, and ribosomes. Prokaryotes is 70S while eukaryotes is 80 S.
Why are prokaryotic cells so small?
Because of diffusion rates, their SA is bigger than its volume, so cell exchange’s nutrients easier and quickly and can support the volume.
As the size of the prokaryotic cell increase, what happens to its volume and SA? By how do they each increase?
Both SA and Volume increase as size increases, however their ratio decreases. Surface area increases 4x whilst Volume increases 8x for every doubling of cell size.
