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LIFESCI 3AA3 > TOPIC ONE: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE > Flashcards

TOPIC ONE: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Flashcards

1
Q

How many times does a heart beat per day

A

100, 000

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2
Q

How much blood is pumped per minute

A

1.5 gallons

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3
Q

What type of organs is the heart also

A

Endocrine

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4
Q

What is hypothermia used for

A

Heart surgery

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5
Q

Can a human survive with a hole in the heart

A

Yes

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6
Q

Top three causes of death in 2019

A
  1. Cancer
  2. Heart Disease
  3. Covid 19
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7
Q

What is the rate of CVD in canada ___million over 20

A

2.4 million over the age of 20

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8
Q

How many MI go without symptoms

A

1/3

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9
Q

How much does heart disease and stroke cost Canada yearly

A

20.9 billion dollars

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10
Q

What is the relationship between age and CVD

A

The number of cases increase with age.

Canada has an aging population (more people over the age of 65 than under 14 in Canada right now)

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11
Q

What is the relationship between QoL and CVD

A

CVD is associated with reduced QoL

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12
Q

Are there modifiable risk factors for CVD?

A

Yes, there are a lot

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13
Q

What is the reduction (%) in QoL associated with CVD

A

Reduced global QoL by 45%

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14
Q

What is the physical functioning score reduction (%) with CVD

A

Reduced by 77%

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15
Q

What is the scale commonly used for QoL measures

A

SF-36

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16
Q

What do CI tell us

A

If the data is significant
Crosses 1 = Not significant
Does not cross 1 = Significant

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17
Q

What are some modifiable risk factors associated with CVD (7)

A
  • High cholesterol
  • Diabetes
  • Hypertension
  • Inactivity
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Alcohol
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18
Q

How many Canadians are not being active enough

A

60%

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19
Q

1950 vs. Today deaths due to CVD

A

1950: half of deaths in Canada due to CVD
Today: 1/4 of deaths

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20
Q

What has changed to make death rate lower (4)

A
  1. Cardiac Rehab
  2. Awareness
  3. Identification
  4. Treatments
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21
Q

How has cardiac rehab changed

How many eligible patients attend cardiac rehab

A

Used to think that weeks of bed rest was the best treatment. Now it is suggested that patients are discharged within 5 days and attend cardiac rehab right away

However, only 1/3 of the eligible patients attend cardiac rehab

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22
Q

How has awareness changed

A

There are a lot more campaigns to promote awareness

There is also in utero screening as well

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23
Q

How has identification changed

Five methods to identify

A

There are more methods to diagnose

  • Angiograms
  • Framingham screening tool
  • ECG
  • At home monitoring
  • apps
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24
Q

What does an angiogram do

A

Lights up

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25
Q

What does Framingham screening tool do

A

Looks at the different risk factors and develops a risk score

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26
Q

What is an ECG

A

A heart monitor

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27
Q

How have treatments changed (and what are they)

4 main ones

A

There are a lot more treatments

  • Cardiac care unit
  • Medications (beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors)
  • PCI (angioplasty) vs. CABG
  • In utero surgery for congenital heart conditions
28
Q

What are the most common CVD according to Public Health Agency of Canada (6)

A
  1. Ischemic heart disease
  2. Cerebrovascular disease
  3. Peripheral vascular disease
  4. Heart failure
  5. Rheumatic heart disease
  6. Congenital heart disease
29
Q

What is ischemic heart disease

A

Blockage of blood flow to the heart which can lead to necrosis

30
Q

What is cerebrovascular disease

A

Blood flow reduced to the brain

A condition that can lead to stroke

31
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease

A

Abnormal circulation to the peripheral limbs

32
Q

What is heart failure

A

When the heart does not pump properly

33
Q

What is rheumatic heart disease

A

Inflammatory disease caused by infection

34
Q

What is congenital heart disease

A

Birth defect in the heart

35
Q

Which condition is the main cause of CVD related death

What is it often caused by and linked to

A

Ischemic heart disease

  • Less blood flow to the heart
  • Could be caused by atherosclerosis
  • Often linked to a previous heart attack
36
Q

What is the arm chair idea for MI

A

The idea against prolonged bed rest after MI

When you are lying down, there is a greater blood volume returning to your heart leading to increased pressure in the heart

When you are sitting, there is gravity to battle and there is actually less pressure on the heart

37
Q

Complications in arm chair vs. lying down

A

There were only 6 complications in the armchair group vs. 73 in the lying down group

There was also benefits to mental health

38
Q

What is the conclusion on arm chair treatment for MI

A

It is an effective treatment for MI

39
Q

How does a treatment evolve

A

Treatment evolution starts by questioning an approach, or repurposing a treatment for another disease

Test new ideas

Mainstream idea that gets added to over time
- the armchair idea has been added to a lot –> it is now recommended that patients start walking days after having a heat attack

40
Q

What is the link between cardiac rehab and mortality

A

There is a significant drop in mortality when you participate in cardiac rehab

41
Q

What is the link between BP and cardiac rehab

A

There is a decrease from intake to discharge

42
Q

Do arteries always carry oxygenated blood?

A

NO

43
Q

Circulation of blood

Where does the blood arrive to

What is the oxygenation level here

A

The right atrium of the heart (less oxygenated)

44
Q

Circulation of blood

What valve does the blood pass through after the right atrium and where does it go

A

Through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle

45
Q

Circulation of blood

After the right ventricle what does the blood pass through and where does it go

A

Through the pulmonary semilunar valve, through the pulmonary artery, to the lungs

46
Q

Circulation of blood

What happens to the blood at the lungs

A

Gas exchange, becomes oxygenated

47
Q

Circulation of blood

After the lungs, where does the blood go

A

Lung goes through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium

48
Q

Circulation of blood

From the left atrium, where does the blood go and through what

A

To the left ventricle through the bicuspid (mitral) valve

49
Q

Circulation of blood

Where does the blood go from the left ventricle and through what

A

Out the aortic semilunar valve through the aorta to the body

50
Q

Circulation of blood

How does the blood get back to the right atrium

A

The superior and inferior vena cava

51
Q

What is the coronary sulcus

A

The fat pad that runs between the right atrium and the right ventricle of the heart

There are coronary vessels that run along the coronary sulcus as well

52
Q

What are the three branches at the top of the aorta

A
  • Brachiocephalic
  • Left common carotid
  • Subclavian
53
Q

What is the vessel that runs along the anterior interventricular sulcus (between the ventricles)

A

Left anterior descending artery (LAD)

Also called the anterior interventricular artery

54
Q

What does the tricuspid valve join

A

the right atrium and right ventricle

55
Q

What does the pulmonary semi lunar valve join

A

right ventricle to pulmonary artery

56
Q

What does the bicuspid/mitral valve join

A

Left atrium and left ventricle

57
Q

What does the aortic semilunar valve join

A

Left ventricle to aorta

58
Q

What are the two arteries coming off the aorta

A

right and left coronary arteries

59
Q

What artery branches off the right coronary artery

A

marginal artery

60
Q

Where does the marginal artery run

A

from the right coronary artery down the anterior aspect of the heart

61
Q

What branches off the left coronary artery

A

the circumflex artery

62
Q

Where does the circumflex artery run

A

from the left coronary artery and travels around the back of the heart

63
Q

What results from a blockage in the anterior interventricular artery/LAD

A

Heart attack

64
Q

What does AV node stand for and what does it do

What supplies blood to the AV node

A

The atrial ventricular node (AV node)
- Really important for electrical activity conduction

The right coronary artery

65
Q

What is the most common place to get PCI

A

Percutaneous intervention/bypass is often done in the LAD (stent placed)

LAD responsible for a lot of heart attacks

66
Q

What else results when there is a blockage in the AV

A

There is disruption in electrical activity in the heart

The electrical activity is not travelling well to the AV node which can cause slow heart rate (40bpm)

There is therefore less electrical activity in the rest of the heart

67
Q

What is the diagnosis associated with AV block

A

Wenckebach block

LIFESCI 3AA3 (6 decks)

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