TOPIC ONE: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Question 1

How many times does a heart beat per day

Answer 1

100, 000

Question 2

How much blood is pumped per minute

Answer 2

1.5 gallons

Question 3

What type of organs is the heart also

Answer 3

Endocrine

Question 4

What is hypothermia used for

Answer 4

Heart surgery

Question 5

Can a human survive with a hole in the heart

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

Top three causes of death in 2019

Answer 6

1. Cancer
2. Heart Disease
3. Covid 19

Question 7

What is the rate of CVD in canada ___million over 20

Answer 7

2.4 million over the age of 20

Question 8

How many MI go without symptoms

Answer 8

1/3

Question 9

How much does heart disease and stroke cost Canada yearly

Answer 9

20.9 billion dollars

Question 10

What is the relationship between age and CVD

Answer 10

The number of cases increase with age.

Canada has an aging population (more people over the age of 65 than under 14 in Canada right now)

Question 11

What is the relationship between QoL and CVD

Answer 11

CVD is associated with reduced QoL

Question 12

Are there modifiable risk factors for CVD?

Answer 12

Yes, there are a lot

Question 13

What is the reduction (%) in QoL associated with CVD

Answer 13

Reduced global QoL by 45%

Question 14

What is the physical functioning score reduction (%) with CVD

Answer 14

Reduced by 77%

Question 15

What is the scale commonly used for QoL measures

Answer 15

SF-36

Question 16

What do CI tell us

Answer 16

If the data is significant
Crosses 1 = Not significant
Does not cross 1 = Significant

Question 17

What are some modifiable risk factors associated with CVD (7)

Answer 17

• High cholesterol
• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Inactivity
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Alcohol

Question 18

How many Canadians are not being active enough

Answer 18

60%

Question 19

1950 vs. Today deaths due to CVD

Answer 19

1950: half of deaths in Canada due to CVD
Today: 1/4 of deaths

Question 20

What has changed to make death rate lower (4)

Answer 20

1. Cardiac Rehab
2. Awareness
3. Identification
4. Treatments

Question 21

How has cardiac rehab changed

How many eligible patients attend cardiac rehab

Answer 21

Used to think that weeks of bed rest was the best treatment. Now it is suggested that patients are discharged within 5 days and attend cardiac rehab right away

However, only 1/3 of the eligible patients attend cardiac rehab

Question 22

How has awareness changed

Answer 22

There are a lot more campaigns to promote awareness

There is also in utero screening as well

Question 23

How has identification changed

Five methods to identify

Answer 23

There are more methods to diagnose

• Angiograms
• Framingham screening tool
• ECG
• At home monitoring
• apps

Question 24

What does an angiogram do

Answer 24

Lights up

Question 25

What does Framingham screening tool do

Answer 25

Looks at the different risk factors and develops a risk score

Question 26

What is an ECG

Answer 26

A heart monitor

Question 27

How have treatments changed (and what are they) 4 main ones

Answer 27

There are a lot more treatments - Cardiac care unit - Medications (beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors) - PCI (angioplasty) vs. CABG - In utero surgery for congenital heart conditions

Question 28

What are the most common CVD according to Public Health Agency of Canada (6)

Answer 28

1. Ischemic heart disease 2. Cerebrovascular disease 3. Peripheral vascular disease 4. Heart failure 5. Rheumatic heart disease 6. Congenital heart disease

Question 29

What is ischemic heart disease

Answer 29

Blockage of blood flow to the heart which can lead to necrosis

Question 30

What is cerebrovascular disease

Answer 30

Blood flow reduced to the brain A condition that can lead to stroke

Question 31

What is peripheral vascular disease

Answer 31

Abnormal circulation to the peripheral limbs

Question 32

What is heart failure

Answer 32

When the heart does not pump properly

Question 33

What is rheumatic heart disease

Answer 33

Inflammatory disease caused by infection

Question 34

What is congenital heart disease

Answer 34

Birth defect in the heart

Question 35

Which condition is the main cause of CVD related death What is it often caused by and linked to

Answer 35

Ischemic heart disease - Less blood flow to the heart - Could be caused by atherosclerosis - Often linked to a previous heart attack

Question 36

What is the arm chair idea for MI

Answer 36

The idea against prolonged bed rest after MI When you are lying down, there is a greater blood volume returning to your heart leading to increased pressure in the heart When you are sitting, there is gravity to battle and there is actually less pressure on the heart

Question 37

Complications in arm chair vs. lying down

Answer 37

There were only 6 complications in the armchair group vs. 73 in the lying down group There was also benefits to mental health

Question 38

What is the conclusion on arm chair treatment for MI

Answer 38

It is an effective treatment for MI

Question 39

How does a treatment evolve

Answer 39

Treatment evolution starts by questioning an approach, or repurposing a treatment for another disease Test new ideas Mainstream idea that gets added to over time - the armchair idea has been added to a lot --> it is now recommended that patients start walking days after having a heat attack

Question 40

What is the link between cardiac rehab and mortality

Answer 40

There is a significant drop in mortality when you participate in cardiac rehab

Question 41

What is the link between BP and cardiac rehab

Answer 41

There is a decrease from intake to discharge

Question 42

Do arteries always carry oxygenated blood?

Answer 42

NO

Question 43

Circulation of blood Where does the blood arrive to What is the oxygenation level here

Answer 43

The right atrium of the heart (less oxygenated)

Question 44

Circulation of blood What valve does the blood pass through after the right atrium and where does it go

Answer 44

Through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle

Question 45

Circulation of blood After the right ventricle what does the blood pass through and where does it go

Answer 45

Through the pulmonary semilunar valve, through the pulmonary artery, to the lungs

Question 46

Circulation of blood What happens to the blood at the lungs

Answer 46

Gas exchange, becomes oxygenated

Question 47

Circulation of blood After the lungs, where does the blood go

Answer 47

Lung goes through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium

Question 48

Circulation of blood From the left atrium, where does the blood go and through what

Answer 48

To the left ventricle through the bicuspid (mitral) valve

Question 49

Circulation of blood Where does the blood go from the left ventricle and through what

Answer 49

Out the aortic semilunar valve through the aorta to the body

Question 50

Circulation of blood How does the blood get back to the right atrium

Answer 50

The superior and inferior vena cava

Question 51

What is the coronary sulcus

Answer 51

The fat pad that runs between the right atrium and the right ventricle of the heart There are coronary vessels that run along the coronary sulcus as well

Question 52

What are the three branches at the top of the aorta

Answer 52

- Brachiocephalic - Left common carotid - Subclavian

Question 53

What is the vessel that runs along the anterior interventricular sulcus (between the ventricles)

Answer 53

Left anterior descending artery (LAD) Also called the anterior interventricular artery

Question 54

What does the tricuspid valve join

Answer 54

the right atrium and right ventricle

Question 55

What does the pulmonary semi lunar valve join

Answer 55

right ventricle to pulmonary artery

Question 56

What does the bicuspid/mitral valve join

Answer 56

Left atrium and left ventricle

Question 57

What does the aortic semilunar valve join

Answer 57

Left ventricle to aorta

Question 58

What are the two arteries coming off the aorta

Answer 58

right and left coronary arteries

Question 59

What artery branches off the right coronary artery

Answer 59

marginal artery

Question 60

Where does the marginal artery run

Answer 60

from the right coronary artery down the anterior aspect of the heart

Question 61

What branches off the left coronary artery

Answer 61

the circumflex artery

Question 62

Where does the circumflex artery run

Answer 62

from the left coronary artery and travels around the back of the heart

Question 63

What results from a blockage in the anterior interventricular artery/LAD

Answer 63

Heart attack

Question 64

What does AV node stand for and what does it do What supplies blood to the AV node

Answer 64

The atrial ventricular node (AV node) - Really important for electrical activity conduction The right coronary artery

Question 65

What is the most common place to get PCI

Answer 65

Percutaneous intervention/bypass is often done in the LAD (stent placed) LAD responsible for a lot of heart attacks

Question 66

What else results when there is a blockage in the AV

Answer 66

There is disruption in electrical activity in the heart The electrical activity is not travelling well to the AV node which can cause slow heart rate (40bpm) There is therefore less electrical activity in the rest of the heart

Question 67

What is the diagnosis associated with AV block

Answer 67

Wenckebach block