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Physics Grade 11 > Topic One > Flashcards

Topic One Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a resultant vector?

A

A resultant is the vector sum of two or more vectors, i.e., a single vector having the same effect as two or more vectors together.

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2
Q

How do you determine the resultant of vectors on a Cartesian plane?

A

Use the component method to find vertical and horizontal components, then add co-linear components to obtain the resultant vertical vector (R₁) and resultant horizontal vector (R₂).

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3
Q

What theorem is used to calculate the magnitude of the resultant vector?

A

The theorem of Pythagoras.

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4
Q

What methods can be used to determine the resultant of two vectors graphically?

A

Tail-to-head method, tail-to-tail method (parallelogram method).

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5
Q

What is a closed vector diagram?

A

A closed vector diagram is one where the vectors form a closed loop, indicating that the resultant is zero.

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6
Q

What is the formula for the resultant x component (R₁) if θ is the angle between R and the x-axis?

A

R₁ = R cos(θ).

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7
Q

What is the formula for the resultant y component (R₂) if θ is the angle between R and the x-axis?

A

R₂ = R sin(θ).

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8
Q

Define normal force (N).

A

Normal force is the force or component of a force which a surface exerts perpendicular to an object in contact with it.

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9
Q

What direction does the normal force act?

A

Perpendicular to the surface.

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10
Q

What is a frictional force?

A

A frictional force is the force that opposes the motion of an object and acts parallel to the surface.

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11
Q

True or False: The frictional force is independent of the area of the surfaces in contact.

A

True.

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12
Q

Define static frictional force (f_s).

A

Static frictional force is the force that opposes the tendency of motion of a stationary object relative to a surface.

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13
Q

What is the range of values for static frictional force?

A

From zero up to a maximum value of f_s,max = μ_s N.

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14
Q

What happens when the applied force exceeds the maximum static frictional force?

A

The object begins to move across the surface.

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15
Q

Define kinetic frictional force (f_k).

A

Kinetic frictional force is the force that opposes the motion of a moving object relative to a surface.

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16
Q

How does kinetic frictional force behave for a given object?

A

It is constant for a given object.

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: The maximum static frictional force (f_s,max) is equal to the magnitude of the maximum horizontal force that can be applied to the object without it starting to move across the surface. This can be expressed as _______.

A

f_s,max = μ_s N.

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18
Q

What is the static frictional force, fs?

A

The force that opposes the tendency of motion of a stationary object relative to a surface.

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19
Q

What is the maximum value of static frictional force, fmax?

A

The maximum static frictional force, fmax, is equal to the magnitude of the maximum horizontal force that can be applied to the object without it starting to move across the surface.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The maximum static frictional force can be solved using the formula _______.

A

fmax = μs * N

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21
Q

What is the kinetic frictional force, fk?

A

The force that opposes the motion of a moving object relative to a surface.

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22
Q

How does the kinetic frictional force behave for a given surface?

A

The kinetic frictional force on an object is constant.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The kinetic frictional force can be solved using the formula _______.

A

fk = μk * N

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24
Q

What do force diagrams represent?

A

In a force diagram, the force is represented by an arrow; the direction indicates the force’s direction, and the length indicates its magnitude.

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25
Q

What is the first law of motion stated by Newton?

A

A body will remain in its state of rest or motion at constant velocity unless a non-zero resultant/net force acts on it.

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26
Q

Define inertia.

A

The resistance of an object to any change in its state of motion.

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27
Q

What is Newton’s second law of motion?

A

When a resultant/net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate in the direction of the force at an acceleration directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

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28
Q

Fill in the blank: In symbols, Newton’s second law can be expressed as _______.

A

Fnet = m * a

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29
Q

What does a free-body diagram show?

A

The relative magnitudes and directions of forces acting on an object that has been isolated from its surroundings.

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30
Q

What is the third law of motion stated by Newton?

A

When object A exerts a force on object B, object B simultaneously exerts an oppositely directed force of equal magnitude on object A.

31
Q

What are action-reaction pairs in Newton’s third law?

A

Forces that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, acting on two different bodies.

32
Q

How should one approach problems involving two-body systems in motion?

A

Apply Newton’s second law to each object separately and draw a free-body diagram for each.

33
Q

True or False: The coefficient of static friction is represented by the symbol μs.

A

True

34
Q

True or False: The coefficient of kinetic friction is represented by the symbol μk.

A

True

35
Q

What is the purpose of resolving a two-dimensional force?

A

To determine its parallel and perpendicular components.

36
Q

What is the significance of free-body diagrams when analyzing forces?

A

They help visualize the forces acting on an object and their respective magnitudes and directions.

37
Q

Fill in the blank: The resultant/net force can be determined by _______.

A

adding vector components of all acting forces.

38
Q

What is Newton’s third law of motion?

A

When object A exerts a force on object B, object B simultaneously exerts an oppositely directed force of equal magnitude on object A.

39
Q

What does Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation state?

A

Each particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a gravitational force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

40
Q

When solving problems involving acceleration, how should the equation Fnet = ma be applied?

A

It must be applied separately in the x and y directions.

41
Q

What must be drawn when dealing with multiple objects in a force problem?

A

A free-body diagram for each object.

42
Q

What is weight defined as?

A

The gravitational force, in newton (N), exerted by the Earth on an object.

43
Q

How is mass defined?

A

The amount of matter in a body measured in kilograms (kg).

44
Q

What is the formula to calculate weight?

A

w = mg.

45
Q

What does weightlessness refer to?

A

The sensation experienced when all contact forces are removed, such as during free fall.

46
Q

What is the speed of light in a vacuum?

A

c = 3 x 10^8 m/s.

47
Q

Define refraction of light.

A

The change in direction of a light ray due to a change in speed when light travels from one medium into another of different optical density.

48
Q

What does optical density measure?

A

The refracting power of a medium.

49
Q

How is the refractive index (n) defined?

A

The ratio of the speed of light in vacuum (c) to the speed of light in a material (v).

50
Q

What is the angle of incidence?

A

The angle between the normal to a surface and the incident light ray.

51
Q

What is the angle of refraction?

A

The angle between the normal to a surface and the refracted light ray.

52
Q

What is Snell’s Law?

A

The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence in one medium to the sine of the angle of refraction in the other medium is constant.

53
Q

What is the normal in optics?

A

The line which is perpendicular to the plane of the surface.

54
Q

How does optical density relate to refractive index?

A

Materials with a high refractive index will also have a high optical density.

55
Q

Calculate acceleration due to gravity on Earth using the formula.

A

g = GM/r^2.

56
Q

What is the formula to calculate weight on other planets?

A

w = mg with different values of gravitational acceleration.

57
Q

Fill in the blank: The forces in Newton’s third law are an interaction between _______.

A

two bodies.

58
Q

What is the relationship between optical density and refractive index?

A

Materials with a high refractive index will also have a high optical density.

This relationship indicates how light interacts with different materials.

59
Q

Define the term ‘normal’ in optics.

A

The line that is perpendicular to the plane of the surface.

The normal is a crucial reference line for measuring angles of incidence and refraction.

60
Q

What is the angle of incidence?

A

The angle between the normal to a surface and the incident light ray.

It is measured from the normal to the incoming ray.

61
Q

What is the angle of refraction?

A

The angle between the normal to a surface and the refracted light ray.

This angle describes how light bends when entering a new medium.

62
Q

State Snell’s Law.

A

The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence in one medium to the sine of the angle of refraction in the other medium is constant.

This law is fundamental in understanding how light behaves at the interface of two media.

63
Q

Define the critical angle.

A

The angle of incidence in the optically denser medium for which the angle of refraction in the optically less dense medium is 90 degrees.

This concept is essential for understanding total internal reflection.

64
Q

What are the conditions required for total internal reflection?

A
  1. Light must travel from an optically denser medium to an optically less dense medium.
  2. The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle.

Total internal reflection is used in optical fibers.

65
Q

What is diffraction?

A

The ability of a wave to spread out in wave fronts as the wave passes through a small aperture or around a sharp edge.

Diffraction demonstrates the wave nature of light.

66
Q

What is Coulomb’s Law?

A

The magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by two point charges (Q1 and Q2) on each other is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r) between them.

This law describes how charged objects interact with each other.

67
Q

Fill in the blank: The equation for the electrostatic force is ______.

A

F = k * (Q1 * Q2) / r^2

Here, k is Coulomb’s constant.

68
Q

Explain Huygens’ principle.

A

Every point of a wave front serves as a point source of spherical, secondary waves that move forward with the same speed as the wave.

This principle helps in understanding wave propagation and diffraction.

69
Q

What is the relationship between the degree of diffraction, wavelength (λ), and width of the slit (w)?

A

The degree of diffraction is related to the wavelength and the width of the slit.

A narrower slit or longer wavelength increases the degree of diffraction.

70
Q

What does the law of reflection state?

A

When light is reflected, the angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection.

This principle applies to all reflective surfaces.

71
Q

Define a wave front.

A

An imaginary line joining points on a wave that are in phase.

Wave fronts are used to visualize wave propagation.

72
Q

What is the significance of ray diagrams in optics?

A

Ray diagrams show the path of a light ray moving from one medium into another.

They are essential for understanding how light behaves at boundaries.

73
Q

True or False: The angle of reflection is defined as the angle between the normal to a reflecting surface and the incident light ray.

A

False

The angle of reflection is between the normal and the reflected light ray.

Physics Grade 11 (1 decks)

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