Topic E Nutrition And Supporting Sciences Flashcards
Regulates metabolism and rate of oxidation. Influences physical and mental growth. Stimulates liver glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis
Thyroxine
Coenzyme-Enzyme activators include some vitamins. ___,___,___,___ Are needed for energy production
Pantothenic acid thiamin riboflavin niacin
Basil energy expenditure in a tropical climate ___-___% increase
Caffeine alcohol nicotine stimulate metabolic rate ___-___%
5 to 20%
7-15%
The basal metabolic rate is affected primarily by:
Sex (women 5-10% lower) age (0-2 years highest) body composition/body surface area, endocrine glands (thyroid)
Measures activity of thyroid gland
PBI protein-bound iodine
When PBI is elevated BMR is elevated
Not a nutritional assessment parameter
Measures he produced in respiration chamber (limited usefulness)
Direct calorimetry
Measures oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide excreted using a portable machine (practical way of measuring which nutrients are being used for energy and determining caloric needs) useful with athlete, burns
Indirect calorimetry
Respiratory quotient equals
CO2 expired/oxygen consumed
RQ of: carbohydrate alone Protein alone Fat alone Mixed intake To decrease our RQ increase \_\_\_
1 0.82 0.7 0.85 Fat
What are the five polysaccharides (only yields glucose)
Starch ( Most significant polysaccharide in human nutrition), cellulose (stimulates peristalsis), pectin, glycogen, dextrin
Four types of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides sorbitol
In order of sweetness:
Fructose, invert sugar, sucrose, glucose, sorbitol*, mannitol, galactose, maltose, lactose
Sulfur is found in which proteins
Cysteine, cystine, methionine
What are the essential amino acids?
Threonine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, histidine
TV TILL PMH
Conditionally essential during catabolic stress
Arginine glutamine
Precursor for serotonin and niacin
Tryptophan
Converted to tyrosine____
Converted to cysteine___
Phenylalanine
Methionine
Classifications of proteins
Simple- Amino acids
conjugated ( Symbol plus nonprotein substance-lipoprotein)
derived-Fragment from simple and conjugated-Peptide
___% Of protein can be converted to glucose
58
____Are low in the Methionine
___ Are low in the methionine cystine and tryptophan
___ Low in the thiamine lysine and has no tryptophan
Soybeans
Legumes
Gelatin
Missing in most vegetables
Methionine
____ The most polyunsaturated fat
____ The most unsaturated fat
Safflower
Canola
A lack of this creates eczema poor growth rate and Petechiae ( Red purple skin spots)
Linoleic acid. W-6
If linoleic acid replaces carbohydrate in the diet
LDL decrease HDL increase
If linoleic acid replaces saturated fat in the diet
Total cholesterol decreases HDL decreases
Decreases hepatic production of triglycerides has little effect on total cholesterol levels. Retinal function and brain development
Alpha linolenic w-3
The location of the first double bond is counted from the ____ end of the fatty acid and is designated by the ____
Methyl end (CH3) Omega
Nomenclature for linoleic acid
C18:2w6
Nomenclature for linolenic acid
C18:3w3
Saturated fats in order of predominance
Coconut oil, palm kernel, cocoa butter, butte,r beef tallow, palm oil
Medium chain triglycerides are saturated fatty acids between __-__ carbons naturally found it milk fat coconut oil and palm kernel oil
6-12
Monounsaturated fats
Olive canola peanut sunflower
Polyunsaturated fats
Safflower corn and soybean cottonseed sunflower
Butter fat content
Margarine fat content
SAT MUFA PUFA
PUFA MUFA SAT
That’s have less ___ and more ___ than carbohydrates so provides more energy
Less oxygen and more carbon ( More carbon atoms for oxidation)
To determine calories from alcohol
(.8)(proof)(ounces)
Proof = % alcohol x 2
Winterized oil is clear not cloudy. __,___,___ are winterized ___is not
Corn soy cottonseed
Olive oil
What is the toxic level of vitamin A?
10,000 IU
A vitamin a deficiency causes night blindness,_____ Which is reversible, ____ Not reversible
Nyctalopia
Xerophthalmia
Sources of vitamin A
Yellow orange fruits dark leafy green vegetables cantaloupe fish liver carrots fortified skim milk apricots sweet potato
Vitamin D deficiency causes
___
___
Rickets which is soft bones
Osteomalacia - Adult rickets
Vitamin E is a tocopherol and is one of the least toxic vitamins it is an antioxidant and it is found in
Vitamin E deficiency causes
Vegetable oils whole grains green vegetables almonds
Hemolytic anemia
Vitamin K forms ___ in the liver, Deficiencies can cause hemorrhage affected by
Prothrombin
Mineral oil antibiotics anticoagulants
Vitamin B1 Fiamm and is a water-soluble vitamin lost as temperature or pH rises heat-stable in acid lost in cooking. Needed for the oxidation of
Carbohydrate. Increase carbohydrate needs increased thiamin needs
Thiamine functions in the metabolism of
Pyruvate
Sources of thiamin
Pork liver grains wheat germ
Thiamine deficiency causes
Bariberi Muscle weakness footdrop memory loss tachycardia. Decreased erythrocyte transketolase. Increased plasma pyruvate
Vitamin B2 is riboflavin and is lost in UV light. It is needed for energy release from ___ And red cell production , Coenzymes
Sources of riboflavin
Protein
Liver kidney meat milk
Riboflavin deficiency leads to
Cheilosis- Cracked lips
Angular stomatitis- Mouth corner crack
Magenta tongue
Niacin is a precursor to
Tryptophan
Niacin functions in the metabolism of
Carbohydrate protein fat
Niacin is found in
Protein peanuts ready-to-eat cereals chicken rice yeast milk
Niacin deficiency leads to
Pellagra, dermatitis diarrhea dementia bright red tongue symmetrical pigmented rash in sunlight
Water soluble ___ is precursor to folate. Functions in DNA synthesis forms red blood cells in bone marrow prevents
PABA
Neural tube defects
Sources of folate in the diet
Fortified dried cereal liver kidney green leafy vegetables citrus fruits lentils beans
Deficiencies of Folate include
Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia diarrhea fatigue
Vitamin B6 is
Pyridoxine
INH- isoniazid ( Treats tuberculosis)
B6 Antagonist
Vitamin B6 is a Coenzyme in ____
Increased ___ - ____ pyridoxine
Amino acid metabolism, deamination transamination
Increased protein increased pyridoxine
Sources of B6
Meat wheat corn yeast pork live ready-to-eat cereals
Deficiencies of B6 include
Seizures anemia dermatitis glossitis peripheral neuropathy
Vitamin B12 is__ And is bound by____ in gastric juice
Cyanocobalamin
Intrinsic factor
Vitamin B12 is it coenzyme in ____ synthesis forms red blood cells
Protein
Sources of B12
Liver meat milk kidney eggs fish cheese
Deficiencies of B12
Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia pernicious anemia- after gastrectomy or removal of ileum due to lack of intrinsic factor
CoEnzyme A- energy
Synthesis of fatty acids
Pantothenic acid
Pantothenic acid is found in
Rare deficiency paresthesia in feet
Animal foods grains legumes
Ascorbic acid changes ___ into ____into ____which strengthens intercellular substances
Proline hydroxyproline collagen
Biotin is synthesized by intestinal bacteria in activated by ___ (Protein in raw egg white)
Avidin
Biotin is a Coenzyme in ____, Converts pyruvate to____ in gluconeogenesis
Fatty acid synthesis
Oxaloacetate
Biotin is found in
Liver kidney egg yolk yeast
Biotin deficiencies
Muscle pain dermatitis glossitis
In plants as phytic acid related to sugar contains phosphorous vitamin like factor.
Binds calcium zinc iron membrane structure
Found in the outer husks of cereal grains leafy green vegetables
Myo-inositol
Most abundant mineral regulated by parathyroid hormone. Functions and vitamin D acid lactose aid absorption
Calcium
Lowers serum calcium by inhibiting bone resorption
Calcitonin
Calcium functions in blood clotting cardiac function, Nerve transmission smooth muscle contractility
Found in
Dairy products leafy vegetables legumes
Calcium deficiency leads to
Hypocalcemia which leads to tetany irregular muscle contractions
Second most abundant mineral in the body. Part of DNA,___,___
Phosphorus
RNA ATP
Sources of phosphorus
Deficiencies rare
Meat milk poultry eggs fish cheese animal protein*
Food iron
Absorbable iron
Stored iron( Best for iron status)
Ferric
Ferrous
Ferritin
Best source of heme iron
Animal foods meat Fish poultry
Non-heme sources
Cereals vegetables poorly absorbed absorption aided by gastric juice vitamin C
___ Helps if oxalates are present in iron absorption. __,__,__,__Does not aid absorption
Calcium
Eggs tea milk cheese
Iron deficiency
Pale tong fatigue anemia spoon shaped nails
Part of chlorophyll 50% in bones 50% in cells
Magnesium
( Magnesium ) Protein and fatty acid synthesis stabilizes structure of___
High__,__,__ Increases needs
ATP
Protein calcium vitamin D
Sources and deficiency of magnesium
Most foods milk bread
rare - tremors
Iodine is a trace mineral part of ___
Thyroxine
Trace mineral attached to protein ceruloplasmin
Copper-Hemoglobin synthesis aids iron absorption
Sources and deficiencies of copper
Liver Kidney shellfish
Rare-Microcytic anemia neutropenia Wilson’s disease-Low serum copper genetic absence of liver enzyme
Antioxidant that cooperates with vitamin E tissue respiration
Selenium
Sources and deficiencies of selenium
Soil grains meat Fish poultry dairy
Myalgia cardiomyopathy
Trace mineral important in the central nervous system
Manganese-Deficiency unlikely
Aids insulin action glucose metabolism with zinc
Chromium
Absorption of chromium is enhanced by ___,___
Ultra trace mineral
Vitamin C niacin
Chromium deficiency leads to
Sources
Insulin resistance
Yeast oysters potatoes liver
Exists with B12 stored in liver maturation of red blood cells related to be 12 deficiency
Cobalt
Part of amino acids methionine cystine cysteine
Sulfur
Sulfur is found in
Meat Fish eggs poultry animal protein*