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FFC EST > topic e f g > Flashcards

topic e f g Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

wat is Ester hydrolysis

A

ester + strong base = alcohol + carboxylate

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2
Q

impact of ester hydrolysis

A

when put into soap (strong base) there may be a loss in fragrance intensity due to the hydrolysis

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3
Q

wat is Aldol reaction & condensation

A

Rxn between 2 carbonyls (aldehyde or ketone) to form an intermediate

this intermediate with an additional base will form an additional double bond

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4
Q

impact of aldol rxn and condensation

A

aldol condensations will continue occurring, adding more double bonds.

due to the large no. of double bonds, the unwanted byproduct will result in a darker colour (yellow/brown)

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5
Q

wat is acetal formation

A

aldehyde + alcohol = acetal

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6
Q

impact of acetal

A

acetal formed is odourless

aldehyde functional group which contributes to fragrance is gone

valuable loss of odour from aldehydes

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7
Q

gel type air freshener perfume concentration

A

10-20%

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8
Q

aerosol type air freshener perfume conc

A

commonly does at 1% in a suitable propellant and alcohol

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9
Q

soap dosage

A

1-1.5% (musk commonly used)

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10
Q

antiperspirant pH

A

4.5, in general is acidic

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11
Q

laundry detergent dosage

A

0.1-0.4%

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12
Q

perfume notes for detergent

A

cleaning stage: citrusy, fresh, aldehydic, green (‘clean’ and ‘fresh’)

final stage: floral, woody, musky (‘caring’ and ‘soft’)

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13
Q

fabric softener active ingredient

A

quartenary ammonium salt = smooth and anti-static

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14
Q

fabric softener dosage

A

0.2-2%

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15
Q

beer dosage level

A

0.3%

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16
Q

liqueurs dosage lvl

A

0.04%

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17
Q

cream liqueurs dosage lvl

A

0.06%

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18
Q

alcoholic spirits dosage lvl

A

0.02-0.05%

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19
Q

wine coolers dosage lvl

A

0.03%

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20
Q

beverage emulsion flavour dosage

A

0.02-0.03%

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21
Q

clear soln beverage clear solubility problems

A

due to high terpene levels = causes solubility problems

to solve = remove terpenes

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22
Q

chewing gum flavour perception order

A

polar components first —> non-polar components

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23
Q

chewing gum dosage lvl

A

1.6% for prolonged chewing

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24
Q

milk dosage lvl

25
yoghurt avg dosage lvl
0.04%
26
cheese dosage lvl
0.08%
27
margarine dosage lvl
0.02%
28
antacids
require flavours that are stable in alkali medium & to mask chalky character (e.g mint & anise)
29
medicated candies (lozenges)
phenolic/antibacterial agents —> use cherry flavour to mask
30
cough syrup dosage
0.05%
31
vitamin tablets dosage
0.16%
32
antacids & ready to drink dosage
0.05%
33
medicated candy dosage
0.08%
34
Hard candy best solvents
PG (propylene glycol) & triethyl citrate used at low lvls to avoid bitterness
35
hard candy normal dosage
0.08%
36
soup and sauces hot temp impact
more volatile flavour chemicals may suffer losses at high temperatures
37
cream based sauces dosage
0.02-0.03%
38
how to make citrus flavoured tea clear
remove terpenes so that tea is clear when brewed
39
tea tree uses
stimulates & boosts immune system good for mouth ulcers
40
tea tree restrictions
has potential to oxidise quickly risk of skin sensitisation
41
rosemary uses
strengthens memory tightens and tones skin
42
rosemary restrictions
may be neurotoxic do not use before sleep
43
peppermint uses and restrictions
uses: - soothes headaches and migraines - stimulates dreaming restrictions: - do not use more than 5% - can be a mucous membrane irritant
44
lemongrass uses and restrictions
uses: - antiseptic - insect repellent restrictions: - risk of allergic reaction - may cause irritation to sensitive/damaged skin
45
lavender uses and restrictions
uses: - reduce stress - pain relieving restrictions - may cause allergic skin reactions (low risk)
46
geranium uses and restrictions
uses: - regulate hormones - eases depression & nervous tensions restrictions: - may cause allergic skin rxns (low risk)
47
german chamomile uses & restrictions
uses: - anti-inflammatory & regenerating - treats insomnia restrictions: - may pose interaction problems w/ certain drugs when applied topically
48
clary sage uses & restrictions
uses: - antidepressant - combat hair loss and dandruff restrictions: - risk of skin sensitisation
49
melissa/ lemon balm uses and restrictions
uses: - anti-inflammatory - good for cough and flu restrictions - may cause irritation to skin - not suitable for children under 2
50
lemon uses and restrictions
uses: - antibacterial, antiseptic - treatment for insect bites & tension headaches restrictions: - phototoxic (avoid exposure to sun within 12 hrs of use) - risk of skin sensitisation
51
bergamot uses and restrictions
uses: - stimulating to appetite - immune boosting restrictions: - phototoxic (avoid skin exposure to sun within 12 hrs of use)
52
wat is adulteration
when components are added/removed the original essential oil is changed
53
removal in essential oils
removal of terpenes (c=c double bonds —> easily oxidised by O2) makes the oil more alcohol-soluble and longer-lasting commonly done in citrus oils (bergamot)
54
substitution in essential oils
- an oil is substituted w/ a cheaper oil - to increase profit margin - e.g petitgrain for neroli petitgrain = 1/10 the price of neroli neroli is sweeter, more floral (distilled from blossoms of plant) petitgrain distilled from leaves and twigs of plant -e.g lavandin for true lavender true lavender grows at higher altitudes (difficult to grow —> expensive) lavandin grows easily at lower grounds (cheaper)
55
cutting in essential oils
makes the oil go further by diluting w/ odourless solvents e.g odourless solvents = Diethyl phthalate (DEP)
56
wat is chemotypes
the subspecies of a plant —> same morphological characteristics, produce different quantities of chemical components in their oils can be due to growth in diff environments
57
rosemary chemotypes
1. verbenone - the French - safe nonirritant for skin and hair treatments 2. 1,8-cineole - Tunisian - for pulmonary congestion & efficient functioning of liver 3. camphor-borneol - Spanish - suited for musculoskeletal system
58
thyme chemotypes
1. sweet thymes - higher alcohol content (linalool, geraniol) - grown at higher altitudes - generally considered safe to use 2. Red thymes - higher phenolic content (carvacrol, thymol) - grown at lower altitudes - act as powerful antiseptics

FFC EST (2 decks)

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