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FFC EST > topic e f g > Flashcards

topic e f g Flashcards

1
Q

wat is Ester hydrolysis

A

ester + strong base = alcohol + carboxylate

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2
Q

impact of ester hydrolysis

A

when put into soap (strong base) there may be a loss in fragrance intensity due to the hydrolysis

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3
Q

wat is Aldol reaction & condensation

A

Rxn between 2 carbonyls (aldehyde or ketone) to form an intermediate

this intermediate with an additional base will form an additional double bond

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4
Q

impact of aldol rxn and condensation

A

aldol condensations will continue occurring, adding more double bonds.

due to the large no. of double bonds, the unwanted byproduct will result in a darker colour (yellow/brown)

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5
Q

wat is acetal formation

A

aldehyde + alcohol = acetal

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6
Q

impact of acetal

A

acetal formed is odourless

aldehyde functional group which contributes to fragrance is gone

valuable loss of odour from aldehydes

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7
Q

gel type air freshener perfume concentration

A

10-20%

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8
Q

aerosol type air freshener perfume conc

A

commonly does at 1% in a suitable propellant and alcohol

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9
Q

soap dosage

A

1-1.5% (musk commonly used)

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10
Q

antiperspirant pH

A

4.5, in general is acidic

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11
Q

laundry detergent dosage

A

0.1-0.4%

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12
Q

perfume notes for detergent

A

cleaning stage: citrusy, fresh, aldehydic, green (‘clean’ and ‘fresh’)

final stage: floral, woody, musky (‘caring’ and ‘soft’)

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13
Q

fabric softener active ingredient

A

quartenary ammonium salt = smooth and anti-static

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14
Q

fabric softener dosage

A

0.2-2%

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15
Q

beer dosage level

A

0.3%

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16
Q

liqueurs dosage lvl

A

0.04%

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17
Q

cream liqueurs dosage lvl

A

0.06%

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18
Q

alcoholic spirits dosage lvl

A

0.02-0.05%

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19
Q

wine coolers dosage lvl

A

0.03%

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20
Q

beverage emulsion flavour dosage

A

0.02-0.03%

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21
Q

clear soln beverage clear solubility problems

A

due to high terpene levels = causes solubility problems

to solve = remove terpenes

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22
Q

chewing gum flavour perception order

A

polar components first —> non-polar components

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23
Q

chewing gum dosage lvl

A

1.6% for prolonged chewing

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24
Q

milk dosage lvl

A

0.04%

25
Q

yoghurt avg dosage lvl

A

0.04%

26
Q

cheese dosage lvl

A

0.08%

27
Q

margarine dosage lvl

A

0.02%

28
Q

antacids

A

require flavours that are stable in alkali medium & to mask chalky character (e.g mint & anise)

29
Q

medicated candies (lozenges)

A

phenolic/antibacterial agents —> use cherry flavour to mask

30
Q

cough syrup dosage

A

0.05%

31
Q

vitamin tablets dosage

A

0.16%

32
Q

antacids & ready to drink dosage

A

0.05%

33
Q

medicated candy dosage

A

0.08%

34
Q

Hard candy best solvents

A

PG (propylene glycol) & triethyl citrate

used at low lvls to avoid bitterness

35
Q

hard candy normal dosage

A

0.08%

36
Q

soup and sauces hot temp impact

A

more volatile flavour chemicals may suffer losses at high temperatures

37
Q

cream based sauces dosage

A

0.02-0.03%

38
Q

how to make citrus flavoured tea clear

A

remove terpenes so that tea is clear when brewed

39
Q

tea tree uses

A

stimulates & boosts immune system

good for mouth ulcers

40
Q

tea tree restrictions

A

has potential to oxidise quickly

risk of skin sensitisation

41
Q

rosemary uses

A

strengthens memory

tightens and tones skin

42
Q

rosemary restrictions

A

may be neurotoxic

do not use before sleep

43
Q

peppermint uses and restrictions

A

uses:
- soothes headaches and migraines
- stimulates dreaming

restrictions:
- do not use more than 5%
- can be a mucous membrane irritant

44
Q

lemongrass uses and restrictions

A

uses:
- antiseptic
- insect repellent

restrictions:
- risk of allergic reaction
- may cause irritation to sensitive/damaged skin

45
Q

lavender uses and restrictions

A

uses:
- reduce stress
- pain relieving

restrictions
- may cause allergic skin reactions (low risk)

46
Q

geranium uses and restrictions

A

uses:
- regulate hormones
- eases depression & nervous tensions

restrictions:
- may cause allergic skin rxns (low risk)

47
Q

german chamomile uses & restrictions

A

uses:
- anti-inflammatory & regenerating
- treats insomnia

restrictions:
- may pose interaction problems w/ certain drugs when applied topically

48
Q

clary sage uses & restrictions

A

uses:
- antidepressant
- combat hair loss and dandruff

restrictions:
- risk of skin sensitisation

49
Q

melissa/ lemon balm uses and restrictions

A

uses:
- anti-inflammatory
- good for cough and flu

restrictions
- may cause irritation to skin
- not suitable for children under 2

50
Q

lemon uses and restrictions

A

uses:
- antibacterial, antiseptic
- treatment for insect bites & tension headaches

restrictions:
- phototoxic (avoid exposure to sun within 12 hrs of use)
- risk of skin sensitisation

51
Q

bergamot uses and restrictions

A

uses:
- stimulating to appetite
- immune boosting

restrictions:
- phototoxic (avoid skin exposure to sun within 12 hrs of use)

52
Q

wat is adulteration

A

when components are added/removed

the original essential oil is changed

53
Q

removal in essential oils

A

removal of terpenes (c=c double bonds —> easily oxidised by O2)

makes the oil more alcohol-soluble and longer-lasting

commonly done in citrus oils (bergamot)

54
Q

substitution in essential oils

A
  • an oil is substituted w/ a cheaper oil
  • to increase profit margin
  • e.g petitgrain for neroli
    petitgrain = 1/10 the price of neroli
    neroli is sweeter, more floral (distilled from blossoms of plant)
    petitgrain distilled from leaves and twigs of plant

-e.g lavandin for true lavender
true lavender grows at higher altitudes (difficult to grow —> expensive)
lavandin grows easily at lower grounds (cheaper)

55
Q

cutting in essential oils

A

makes the oil go further by diluting w/ odourless solvents

e.g odourless solvents = Diethyl phthalate (DEP)

56
Q

wat is chemotypes

A

the subspecies of a plant —> same morphological characteristics, produce different quantities of chemical components in their oils

can be due to growth in diff environments

57
Q

rosemary chemotypes

A
  1. verbenone
    - the French
    - safe nonirritant for skin and hair treatments
  2. 1,8-cineole
    - Tunisian
    - for pulmonary congestion & efficient functioning of liver
  3. camphor-borneol
    - Spanish
    - suited for musculoskeletal system
58
Q

thyme chemotypes

A
  1. sweet thymes
    - higher alcohol content (linalool, geraniol)
    - grown at higher altitudes
    - generally considered safe to use
  2. Red thymes
    - higher phenolic content (carvacrol, thymol)
    - grown at lower altitudes
    - act as powerful antiseptics

FFC EST (2 decks)

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