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SBI4UW > Topic D Human Physiology > Flashcards

Topic D Human Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Nurtient

A

Chemical substances in our bodies that come from food.

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2
Q

Define

Essential Nurtrients

A

They are chemical substance needed in our body whose only source came from food.

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3
Q

Define and provide two way its function can be replaced

Non-essential nurtrient

A

Chemical substance needed in our body which can be created from other existing substances or whose role can be performed by another substance.

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4
Q

Provide an example of a non-essential nurtrients and how it is replaced.

A

Glucose’s role as energy souce can be replaced by lipids.

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5
Q

Define

Conditionally essentials nurtrients

A

Chemical substance needed in our bodies at only specific developemental stages.

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6
Q

Provide an example of a conditionally essentials nurtrients

A

Vitamin K produced by intestinal bacteria can’t be produced in newborns.

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7
Q

Which gene’s mutation causes inability to produce ascorbic acid in human.

A

GLO

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8
Q

Which enzyme’s absence is responsible for the inability to produce ascorbic acid in human?

A

L-gulono lactose oxidase needed for the last step of ascorbic acid production.

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9
Q

Which vertabrates is unable to produce ascorbic acids?

A

Primates

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10
Q

What diseases occured in the absence of ascorbic acid?

A

Scurvy

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11
Q

State the two essentials fatty acids.

A

alpha-linoloeic acid (omega 3)
linoloeic acid (omega 6)

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12
Q

State the role of the two essentials fatty acids.

A

Biosynthesis of compounds needed in brain and eye developement.

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13
Q

State and explain the two conditionally essentials amino acid.

A

theoronine (producable from phenylalenine)
arginine (not produceable in infants)

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14
Q

Explain edema. [3 marks]

A
  1. Diet lacking 1 amino acids or all in general cause protein deficit malnurtrition.
  2. This reduced blood plasma protein which causes fluid retention.
  3. The fluid retention causes bloating called edema.
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15
Q

Explain Iodine deficit disorder and how to prevent it. [4 marks]

A
  1. Low Iodine in diet prevents thyroxin production in thryroid gland.
  2. This causes Iodine deficit disorder.
  3. This causes permanent mental and brain damage.
  4. This can be prevented by adding iodine into salt.
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16
Q

Define

vitamins

A

Chemical compounds needed in small amount but unsynthesized able in our body.

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17
Q

Explain Phenylketonuria in term of its cause and effect. [3]

A
  1. Presence of 2 reccesive alleles causes phenylalenine hydroxidase to not be produced.
  2. The absence of the enxymes above prevents phenylalanine to be converted into tyrosine.
  3. The increase [phenylalanine] causes reduced cranial growth, seizures, mental retardation and hyperactivity.
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18
Q

Provide how phenylketonuria can be detected and prevented. [2 marks]

A
  1. Phenylketonuria can be detected in new born, as its phenylalanine only started to raise without mother’s metabolism.
  2. Patients should eat non-phenylalanine food and taking tyrosine supplements.
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19
Q

Outline how vitamin D are supplied in our body. [2 mark]

A
  1. Vitamin D can be synthesized by teenagers and adult skin under 290-310 nm U.V rays.
  2. Vitamin D can be supplied to children, elders and pregnant women by diets containing vitamin D (oily fishes like herring, sardines, et.c).
20
Q

Explain the impact of vitamin D’s deficit. [2 marks]

A
  1. Vitamin D deficit has similar symptoms to Calcium deficit, as it is needed for Ca to be absorbed by the intestine.
  2. The lack of Ca means bone is weaker and curved, causing rickets.
21
Q

Provide reasons why animals don’t have their digestive system active constantly. [2 marks]

A

To conserve energy between meals and for fight/flight response.

22
Q

Outline the nervous mechanism that regulates digestive secretions? [4 marks]

A
  1. Upon detecting food, the brain’s medulla sends a signal down the vagus nerve.
  2. The signal reaches the stomach wall’s gland cell and causes gastric juice to be secreted.
  3. Upon detecting peptide with chemoreceptors and stomach distenstion, the brain’s medulla sends a signal down the vagus nerve.
  4. The signal causes gastrin to be secreted by G-cells in the endocrine system.
23
Q

Outline the hormone mechanism that regulates digestive secretions? [5 marks]

A
  1. Gastrin secreted by G-cells causes acids and pepsinogin to be secreted by Parietal cell and chief cell respectively.
  2. This lowers the pH.
  3. When the acidity is too high, secretin and somatostatin is secreted by D-cells.
  4. This inhibits gastrin production.
  5. This negative feedback loop regulates acidity.
24
Q

Where and which cells secretes gastrin?

A

Endocrine G-cells in the doedenum and stomach.

25
Q

Name a stomach endocrine cell.

A

G-cells

26
Q

Name two types of stomach endocrine cell and what they secrete.

A
  1. Parietal cell secretes acid.
  2. Chief cell secretes pepsinogen.
27
Q

Describe the structure of exocrince gland cells and how it relates to its functions. [4 marks]

A
  1. Plenty of mitochorndira is needed for ATp production for protein synthesis.
  2. Plenty of endoplasmic reticulum for enzymes synthesis.
  3. Plenty of secretory vesicles containing enzymes for secretion.
  4. Tight junctions between the cells to keep toghether.
28
Q

Describe where exocrine cell acinus is found and where fluid is secreted into. [3 marks]

A
  1. Acinus are found around ductules.
  2. They secrete into epithelial membranes.
  3. These membranes includes the skin for sebacous gland and alimentary canal’s lumen.
29
Q

State the three locations where exocrine cell secretes into the alimentary channels, the name of the fluids and their content. [3 marks]

A
  1. Salivary gland secretes saliva containing amylase.
  2. Stomach gland cells secretes gastric juice containing HCl and pepsin.
  3. Pancreatic exocrine cell secretes pancreatic juice, containing HCO2-2, amylase, lipase, peptase, trypsinogen.
30
Q

State some adaptations of the villus epithelial cells, and explain its function. [4 marks]

A
  1. Tight junctions between epithelial cells allows materials to pass into the blood stream after entering them.
  2. Brush borders made of microvilli increase surface area for absorption.
  3. High amounts of mitochondria and pinocytic vesicles porduces ATP and vesicles needed for active transport and endocytosis.
  4. Proteins on both the apical and basal surface membrane allows transportation of many materials.
31
Q

Who are involved in discovery of the chemical digestion of the stomach?

A

William Beaumont (a surgeon) discovered it after analyzing a stomach gun wound on Alexis St. Martin.

32
Q

Which cell secrete acid in the stomach during digestions.

A

Parietal Cells.

33
Q

Describe the roles of acid during digestion. [3 marks]

A
  1. Acid disrupt extracellular matrix that hold cells together in tissues.
  2. Acid denatures protein, exposing the polypeptides to pepsin to be digested.
  3. Acid activates pepsin from pepsinogen.
34
Q

State the name of the bacteria that causes stomach ulcer.

A

Helicobacter Pylori

35
Q

Outline what stomach ulcers is and how they form. [2 marks]

A
  1. Ulcers are open sores in the stomach.
  2. It us caused by the partial digestion of the stomach lining by pepsin and HCl.
36
Q

State the name of the substance that reduces the production of stomach acids. [1 marks]

A

Protein Pumps Inhibitors (PPIs)

37
Q

State the two conditions that might requires the reduction of stomach acid production. [2 marks]

A
  1. Ulcers caused by acid digestions.
  2. Acid Reflux where acid got into the esophagus if the sphlincter at the top of the stomach.
38
Q

Explain how PPIs reduced acid production in the stomach temporarily. [3 marks]

A
  1. PPIs are inactive until it reaches the parietal cell, where the acid around it cause PPI to become active.
  2. PPIs bound irreversible to the protein pump and prevent it from pumping out 2H+ and taking in 2K+.
  3. The pH lowers until the protein pump is recycled and the acid conditions are restablished.
39
Q
A
40
Q

Define egestions. [1 marks]

A

The removal of excretory products as feces.

41
Q

Describe the substances that is excreted during egestions. []

A
  1. Undigested materials like cellulose, lignin.
  2. Excretory products from our body (not just digestion) like bilirubin from red blood cell’s break down.
  3. Digestive secretions from the mouth, stomach and small intestine.
42
Q

Provide some examples of dietary fibres and where to find them.

A

Cellulose, lignin and pectin found in whole grain bread and vegetables.

43
Q

Provide some benefits of eating dietary fibres. [3 marks]

A
  1. Increase fecal movement as the fibre liquidfy it by pulling in more water.
  2. Decrease the risk of obesity and Type II diabetes by adding bulks to diets, reduce apetite, and slows down absorption of sugars.
  3. Lower the risk of hemorrhoids and appendicitis.
44
Q

Name the bacteria that causes chlorea.

A

Vibio Cholorea

45
Q

Outline how chlorea causes dehydrations.

A
  1. Vibio chlorea secretes substance that binds to receptor on the intestinal cell, and is endocytosis.
  2. This causes a reaction cascade that causes Cl- and HCO- to be effluxed en masses.
  3. This causes water to osmosis out and causes dehydration.

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