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Chemistry Paper 2 > Topic C9 > Flashcards

Topic C9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did the early atmosphere contain?

A

Mainly carbon dioxide and virtually no oxygen gas

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2
Q

What planets are similar to the early atmosphere we had?

A

Mars and Venus

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3
Q

What does intense volcanic activity cause?

A

Cause volcanoes to release gases

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4
Q

How are oceans formed through absorption?

A

Water vapour (H2O) condensed to form oceans.

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5
Q

How are CRUDE OIL and NATURAL GASES formed?

A

Formed from compressed plankton deposits.

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6
Q

How is COAL formed?

A

Formed from compressed thick plant deposits.

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7
Q

How is LIMESTOME formed?

A

Formed from compressed calcium carbonate deposits from shells and marine skeletons.

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8
Q

How is carbon dioxide absorbed through oceans?

A

CO2 absorbed for photosynthesis

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9
Q

2 examples of sedimentary rocks

A

LIMESTONE and COAL

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10
Q

When did Algae evolve?

A

2.7 billion years ago

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11
Q

When did plants evolve?

A

Over the next billion years after ALGAE.

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12
Q

How do Algae and Plants produce oxygen?

A

Through photosynthesis

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13
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon Dioxide (6CO2) + Water (6H2O)

light
~~~>

Glucose (C6,H12,O6) + Oxygen (6O2)

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14
Q

What caused animals to evolve?

A

The increase in atmospheric oxygen.

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15
Q

How much Oxygen is in the atmosphere today?

A

21%

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16
Q

How much Nitrogen is in the atmosphere today?

A

78%

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17
Q

How much H20 vapour, Noble Gases, and CO2 in the atmosphere today

A

1%

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18
Q

Examples of GREENHOUSE GASES?

A

1) Carbon Dioxide
2) Methane
3) Water Vapour

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19
Q

What is GREENHOUSE EFFECT?

A

When greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb long wavelength radiation and re-radiate it in all directions. Including back towards Earth, helping to keep it warm.

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20
Q

Human activities that increase carbon dioxide and methane?

A

1) Deforestation - Less CO2 removed through photosynthesis
2) Burning Fossil Fuels - Releases CO2
3) Farm Animals - Produce methane
4) Decomposition - Of landfill and animal waste, produces CO2 and methane

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21
Q

Four consequences of CLIMATE CHANGE

A

1) FLOODING AND EROSION in coastal areas due to the melting of ice causing sea level to rise
2) MORE FREQUENT AND SEVERE STORMS
3) DIFFICULTY PRODUCING FOOD in certain areas if temperature and rainfall patterns change
4) CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION of some wild species if habitats change

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22
Q

Carbon Footprint definition

A

How much carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are released over somethings full life cycle

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23
Q

How do you reduce CARBON FOOTPRINT?

A

By reducing carbon dioxide and methane emissions.

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24
Q

What does combustion of fossil fuels do?

A

Releases gases and particles which pollute the air

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25
Q

Why is carbon monoxide hard to detect?

A

Because it has no colour or smell

26
Q

4 pollutants of combustion

A

1) Carbon monoxide
2) Carbon particulates
3) Sulfur dioxide
4) Oxides of nitrogen

27
Q

How is carbon monoxide and carbon particulates formed?

A

Incomplete combustion of fossil fuel e.g Coal

28
Q

How is sulfur dioxide formed?

A

Oxidisation of sulfur impurities in fossil fuels during combustion

29
Q

How are oxides of nitrogen formed?

A

Reaction between nitrogen and oxygen in the air caused by the heat of burning fuels.

e.g IN CAR ENGINES

30
Q

Effects of carbon monoxide?

A

Stops blood from transporting enough oxygen around the body

Can cause:
~ Fainting
~ Coma
~ Death

31
Q

Effects of carbon particulates (soot)?

A

~ Respiratory Problems

~ Global Dimming

32
Q

Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen effects?

A

~ Acid Rain
~ Respiratory Problems

Causing damage to plants, statues and buildings.

33
Q

5 things humans use natural resourves for

A

1) Fuel for heating
2) Shelter
3) Food
4) Clothing
5) Fuel for transport

34
Q

How can we replace natural resource products?

A

We can use agricultural or synthetic products in place of them.

E.g - Rubber replaced by man-made polymers

35
Q

3 natural resources that are finite

A

1) Nuclear fuel
2) Oil
3) Coal

36
Q

Renewable Resources Definition

A

Resources that reform at a similar, or faster, rate than we use them, e.g timber

37
Q

Why are Finite Resources processed?

A

To provide materials and energy

38
Q

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Definition

A

An assessment of the environmental impact of a product over each stage of its life.

39
Q

4 Life Cycle Assessment Stages

A

1) Raw Materials
2) Manufacturing and Packaging
3) Using The Product
4) Product Disposal

40
Q

Plastic Bag Life Cycle

A

Raw Materials ~ Crude Oil

Manufacturing & Packaging ~ Key compounds extracted by fractional distillation.

Using The Product ~ Reusable

Product Disposal ~ Recyclable

41
Q

Paper Bag Life Cycle

A

Raw Materials ~ Timber

Manufacturing & Packaging ~ Takes a lot of energy to pulp timber and creates lots of waste

Using The Product ~ Single Use

Product Disposal ~ Biodegradable and Recylable

42
Q

Life Cycle Assesment Negatives

A

1) Selective LCA - LCA where some information has been removed to make a product look better.
2) Some factors are hard to measure or depend on a person’s opinion. This can make life cycle assessments biased.

43
Q

Sustainable Development Definition

A

Meeting the needs of present society while not damaging the lives of future generations.

44
Q

3 ways to improve SUSTAINABILITY

A

1) Reducing the amount of raw materials used
2) Reusing products instead of throwing them away
3) Recycling products that can’t be reused

MINING IS BAD FOR THE ENVIRONMENT

45
Q

Is Copper Ore a finite or infinite resource?

A

Finite

46
Q

2 ways of extracting from low-grade ores to improve sustainability?

A

1) Phytomining
- Soil containing copper
- Copper builds up in leaves
- Harvested plants are burned
- Ash contains copper compounds
- Displacement reaction with scrap iron

2) Bioleaching
- Low-grade ore and bacteria mixed
- Bacteria convert copper compounds in ore to soluble copper compounds
- Becomes leachate solution
- Pure copper extracted through electrolysis

47
Q

How does recycling metals help?

A

Helps save on the large amounts of energy required to mine and extract them

48
Q

Recycling metals pathway

A

Waste Metal
~> Melted Down
~> Recast Into New Products

49
Q

Recycling Glass Pathway

A

Waste Glass
~> Seperated by colour and chemical composition
~> Crushed and melted
~> Reshaped

50
Q

Potable Water Definition

A

Water that is safe to drink

Potable water is not chemically pure

51
Q

3 types of water

A

1) Ground Water
2) Salt Water
3) Waste Water

52
Q

Ground Water Source

A

Underground rocks

53
Q

Salt Water Source

A

Sea Water

54
Q

Waste Water Source

A

Sewage treatment and agricultural systems

55
Q

Ground Water Treatment

A

Filtered and Sterilised

56
Q

Salt Water Treatment

A

Desalination

57
Q

Treating Ground Water Pathway

A

1) Mesh
- removes any large debris such as twigs

2) Sand and Gravel filtration
- to remove any smaller solid bits

3) Sterilisation
- to kill off any harmful bacteria or microbes using chlorine gas, ozone or UV light

58
Q

Two Methods of Desalination

A

1) Distillation
- boiling the water to separate it from dissolved salts

2) Reverse Osmosis
- passing the water through a membrane that only allows water molecules through

59
Q

Desalination Negative

A

Requires a lot of energy

60
Q

Waste Water Treatment Pathway

A

1) Screening
2) Sedimentation
⬇️ effluent
3) Aerboic digestion of organic matter
⬇️
Released back into environment

Or

1) Screening
2) Sedimentation
⬇️ sludge
3) anerobic digestion of organic matter
⬇️
Natural gas or Fertiliser

Chemistry Paper 2 (4 decks)

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