Topic B5 - HOMEOSTASIS AND RESPONSE

Question 1

What does HOMEOSTASIS do?

Answer 1

Maintains the optimal conditions for enzyme action

Question 2

What is HOMEOSTASIS?

Answer 2

HOMEOSTASIS is the REGULATION of the conditions inside your body and cells.

It maintains a stable internal enviroment in response to changes in internal and external conditions.

Question 3

What THREE things in your body are maintained by control systems?

Answer 3

1) BODY TEMPERATURE
2) BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL
3) WATER CONTENT

Question 4

What is the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?

Answer 4

Made up of glands that secrete chemicals (A.K.A HORMONES) directly into the bloodstream, which carries them to the target organs.

Question 5

What are the 6 MAJOR GLANDS in the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?

Answer 5

1) PITUITARY GLAND
2) THYROID
3) ADRENAL GLAND
4) PANCREAS
5) OVARIES (FEMALE ONLY)
6) TESTES (MALE ONLY)

Question 6

What does each gland do in the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?

Answer 6

1) PITUITARY GLAND -
‘Master Gland’ Stimulates other glands

2) THYROID -
Produces Thyroxine

3) ADRENAL GLAND -
Produces Adrenaline

4) PANCREAS -
Produces Insulin

5) OVARIES (female) -
Produces Oestrogen

6) TESTES (male) -
Produces Testosterone

Question 7

6 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM glands and what they do?

Answer 7

1) Pituitary Gland =
stimulates other glands

2) Thyroid ~> THYROXINE
3) Adrenal gland ~> ADRENALINE
4) Pancreas ~> INSULIN
5) Ovaries (female) ~> OESTROGEN
6) Testes (male) ~> TESTOSTERONE

Question 8

What are the five steps to reduce blood glucose?

Answer 8

1) Blood with too much glucoseq
2) Pancreas detects high glucose and secretes insulin
3) Insulin causes glucose to move into cells
4) Insulin makes the liver turn glucose into glycogen, which is stored in the liver and muscles
5) Blood glucose reduced

Question 9

What are the 4 steps to increase blood glucose?

Answer 9

1) Blood too little with glucose
2) Glucagon secreted by the pancreas
3) Glucagon makes the liver turn glycogen into glucose, which is released from the liver
4) Blood glucose increased

Question 10

What is the cause of Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 10

Pancreas produces little or no insulin

Question 11

What is the cause of Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 11

Cells no longer respond to insulin properly

Question 12

What is the effect of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 12

Blood glucose can rise to dangerously high levels

Question 13

How can Type 1 diabetes be treated?

Answer 13

Insulin Injections

Question 14

How can Type 2 diabetes be treated?

Answer 14

Carbohydrate controlled diet and regular exercise

Question 15

What is a major risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes.

Answer 15

Obesity

Question 16

What is the pathway of Adrenaline?

Answer 16

1) Adrenaline is released in response to fear or stress
2) ~> Increases heart rate
3) ~> Increases supply of OXYGEN and GLUCOSE to MUSCLES and BRAIN
4) ~> Readies body for FIGHT or FLIGHT

Question 17

What is Thyroxines role?

Answer 17

REGULATES the basal metabolic rate and is important for protein synthesis for growth and development.

THYROXINE levels are controlled by negative feedback.

Question 18

PUBERTY definition

Answer 18

When the body starts releasing sex hormones, which trigger the development of secondary sexual characteristics (e.g facial hair in men and breasts in women)

Question 19

What is a mans main reproductive hormone?

Answer 19

Testosterone

simulates sperm production

Question 20

What is a womens main reproductive hormone?

Answer 20

Oestrogen

Question 21

What are the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle? (A.K.A, Period)

Answer 21

Stage 1 - Menstruation starts. Uterus lining breaks down

Stage 2 - Uterus lining builds up into thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready to recieve a fertilised egg

Stage 3 - Egg develops and is released from ovary - this is called ovulation

Stage 4 - Wall is maintained. If no fertilised egg lands on wall, lining breaks down and cycle starts again

Question 22

What does FSH stand for?

Answer 22

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

Question 23

What does FSH do?

Answer 23

Causes an egg to mature in an ovary.

Question 24

What does oestrogen do to uterus?

Answer 24

Causes uterus lining to grow

Question 25

What does Progesterone do?

Answer 25

Maintains uterus lining

Question 26

What does LH stand for?

Answer 26

Lutenising Hormone

Question 27

What does LH do?

Answer 27

Stimulates ovulation.

Question 28

What does IVF stand for?

Answer 28

in vitro fertilisation

Question 29

How can fertility be increased in women?

Answer 29

Women who can’t get pregnant can be given a fertility drug containing FSH and LH. If a women can’t get pregnant using medication, she may choose to try IVF.

Question 30

IVF pathway

Answer 30

Stage 1) Woman is given FSH and LH to stimulate several egges to mature.

Stage 2) Eggs collected from ovaries.

Stage 3) Eggs fertilised in lab using the man’s sperm.

Stage 4) Fertilised eggs are grown into embryos.

Stage 5) Once the embryos are tiny balls of cells, one or two of them are transferred to the woman’s uterus.

Question 31

Three Negatives of IVF

Answer 31

1) Emotionally and physicslly stressful
2) Low success rate
3) Can lead to multiple births, which can be dangerous for mother and babies.