Topic B5 - HOMEOSTASIS AND RESPONSE Flashcards
What does HOMEOSTASIS do?
Maintains the optimal conditions for enzyme action
What is HOMEOSTASIS?
HOMEOSTASIS is the REGULATION of the conditions inside your body and cells.
It maintains a stable internal enviroment in response to changes in internal and external conditions.
What THREE things in your body are maintained by control systems?
1) BODY TEMPERATURE
2) BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL
3) WATER CONTENT
What is the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?
Made up of glands that secrete chemicals (A.K.A HORMONES) directly into the bloodstream, which carries them to the target organs.
What are the 6 MAJOR GLANDS in the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?
1) PITUITARY GLAND
2) THYROID
3) ADRENAL GLAND
4) PANCREAS
5) OVARIES (FEMALE ONLY)
6) TESTES (MALE ONLY)
What does each gland do in the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?
1) PITUITARY GLAND -
‘Master Gland’ Stimulates other glands
2) THYROID -
Produces Thyroxine
3) ADRENAL GLAND -
Produces Adrenaline
4) PANCREAS -
Produces Insulin
5) OVARIES (female) -
Produces Oestrogen
6) TESTES (male) -
Produces Testosterone
6 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM glands and what they do?
1) Pituitary Gland =
stimulates other glands
2) Thyroid ~> THYROXINE
3) Adrenal gland ~> ADRENALINE
4) Pancreas ~> INSULIN
5) Ovaries (female) ~> OESTROGEN
6) Testes (male) ~> TESTOSTERONE
What are the five steps to reduce blood glucose?
1) Blood with too much glucoseq
2) Pancreas detects high glucose and secretes insulin
3) Insulin causes glucose to move into cells
4) Insulin makes the liver turn glucose into glycogen, which is stored in the liver and muscles
5) Blood glucose reduced
What are the 4 steps to increase blood glucose?
1) Blood too little with glucose
2) Glucagon secreted by the pancreas
3) Glucagon makes the liver turn glycogen into glucose, which is released from the liver
4) Blood glucose increased
What is the cause of Type 1 diabetes?
Pancreas produces little or no insulin
What is the cause of Type 2 diabetes?
Cells no longer respond to insulin properly
What is the effect of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?
Blood glucose can rise to dangerously high levels
How can Type 1 diabetes be treated?
Insulin Injections
How can Type 2 diabetes be treated?
Carbohydrate controlled diet and regular exercise
What is a major risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes.
Obesity
What is the pathway of Adrenaline?
1) Adrenaline is released in response to fear or stress
2) ~> Increases heart rate
3) ~> Increases supply of OXYGEN and GLUCOSE to MUSCLES and BRAIN
4) ~> Readies body for FIGHT or FLIGHT
What is Thyroxines role?
REGULATES the basal metabolic rate and is important for protein synthesis for growth and development.
THYROXINE levels are controlled by negative feedback.
PUBERTY definition
When the body starts releasing sex hormones, which trigger the development of secondary sexual characteristics (e.g facial hair in men and breasts in women)
What is a mans main reproductive hormone?
Testosterone
simulates sperm production
What is a womens main reproductive hormone?
Oestrogen
What are the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle? (A.K.A, Period)
Stage 1 - Menstruation starts. Uterus lining breaks down
Stage 2 - Uterus lining builds up into thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready to recieve a fertilised egg
Stage 3 - Egg develops and is released from ovary - this is called ovulation
Stage 4 - Wall is maintained. If no fertilised egg lands on wall, lining breaks down and cycle starts again
What does FSH stand for?
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
What does FSH do?
Causes an egg to mature in an ovary.
What does oestrogen do to uterus?
Causes uterus lining to grow
