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A - Chemistry GCSE > Topic 9 - Separate Chemistry 2 > Flashcards

Topic 9 - Separate Chemistry 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the names of the first 4 members of the alkane homologus series

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

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2
Q

Whats the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons are alkenes and have a double bond which means they can form more bonds

saturated have all single bonds and are alkanes

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3
Q

what are the the names of the first 4 alkene homologus series

A

Ethene, propene, Butene and pentene

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4
Q

whats a functional group

A

group of atoms that determine how a molecule reacts. members of a homologus series conatain the same functional group

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5
Q

what are the simlarities of but-1-ene and but-2-ene

A

both are C4H8 but double bonds are at end of 1 and in the middle of 2

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6
Q

What is an addition reaction

A

Opening up the double bond of an alkene (unsaturated monomer) to make polymer chains
eg) polyethene
This is called addition polymerisation

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7
Q

How can you test for an alkene and why does this not work with alkanes

A

Bromine water- when shaken, addition reaction takes place where bromine is added across double bond

Alkanes cant because they dont have a double bond.

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8
Q

Equation for combustion of an alkane

A

Ethane + oxygen&raquo_space;»> Carbon dioxide and water

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9
Q

Equation for combustion of an alkene

A

Ethene + oxygen&raquo_space;»> Carbon dioxide and water

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10
Q

What is the general formula of an alkane

A

CnH2n+2

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11
Q

What is the general formula of an alkene

A

CnH2n

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12
Q

What is the name and formula of the alcohol found in alcoholic drinks

A

Ethanol

2C2H5OH

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13
Q

How are alcoholic drinks made from carbohydrates

A

They come from glucose a common sugar source which is mixed with yeast and fermented
simple sugars like glucose are carbohydrates

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14
Q

What is the balanced equation for the formation of ethanol from carbohydrates

A

C6H12O6&raquo_space;>(yeast)»> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

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15
Q

what is the word equation for formation of ethanol from carbohydrates

A

glucose»»(yeast)»»>Ethanol + carbon dioxide

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16
Q

How can fractional distillation be used to produce more concentrated solutions of alcohol

A
  • dilute solution of ethanol is produced by fermentation
  • to make it above 20% fractional distillation is used to make it more concentrated
  • ethanol has a boiling point lower than water so it evaporates and vapour rises up fractionating column leaving water as liquid
  • liebig condenser is used so ethanol can condense and be collected in flask
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17
Q

Describe the fermentation process

A
  • mix yeast and carbohydrates and leave in warm place
  • this is between 30-40 degrees for enzymes to work as fastest rate with denaturing
  • no oxygen should get to mixture so it respires anaerobically so ethanol becomes ethanoic acid
  • when concentration of alcohol reaches 10% reaction stops and yeast is killed off
  • collect ethanol from the top as yeast at bottom
  • can then be distilled to produce more concentrated alcohol
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18
Q

What is the general formula for an alcohol

A

CnH2n+1

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19
Q

What are the first 4 alcohols in the homologus series

A

Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol

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20
Q

what is the functional group of all alcohols

A

-OH group (attached on end of carbon chain)

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21
Q

What is a common chemical reaction of alcohols

A

an oxidation reaction using an oxidising reagent to form a carboxylic acid
-It forms a double bond

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22
Q

Why do alcohols have similar chemical properties

A

because they are part of the same functional group /homologus series

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23
Q

What are some properties of alcohols

A
  • soluble
  • flammable
  • higher boiling points than other hydrocarbons
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24
Q

What are the names of the first 4 carboxylic acids

A

Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid

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25
Q

What is the genral formula of a carboxylic acid

A

Cn-1H2n-1COOH

eg) methanoic acid is just HCOOH
ethanoic acid is CH3COOH

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26
Q

What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid

A

-COOH

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27
Q

How are carboxylic acids formed?

A

-by the oxidation of alcohols
(loss of electrons)
-forms a double bond between carbon and oxygen
- and -OH is attached to a carbon

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28
Q

what are the chemical properties of some carboxylic acids

A
  • boiling point increases as molecules get bigger

- soluble

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29
Q

What is a polymer

A

a substance made up of lots of repeating units called monomers

30
Q

How do ethene molecules join together to form polyethene

A
  • unsaturated ethene monomer opens up its double bond to join to other monomers
  • this creates a polymer chain in process of addition polymerisation
31
Q

What is DNA a polymer of?

A

four different monomers called nucleotides
AT GC
join together in a polymerisation reaction

32
Q

what is starch a polymer of

A

starch is a complex carbohydrate made up of many smaller units of carbohydrates called sugars

33
Q

What is a protein a polymer of

A

amino acid monomers join together through condensation polymerisation

34
Q

How are other addition polymers such as polypropene, PVC and PTFE formed

A

from the joining together of their monomers in a polymerisation reaction

35
Q

What is high density polyethene used for +

what about low density

A
  • water pipes

- plastic bags

36
Q

what is polypropene used for

A

make plastic kettles

-as its more heat resistant

37
Q

What is meant by a condensation reaction

A
  • reaction between 2 monomers with different functional groups
  • bonds form to create a polymer
  • for each new bond that forms a small molecule like water is lost (hence condensation)
38
Q

describe how polyesters are formed

A

-condensation polymerisation reaction

  • dicarboxylic acid and diol monomer react from their two functional groups -COOH and -OH
  • an ester link is formed between
  • for each ester link a molecule of water is lost
39
Q

What is the starting material for most synthetic polymers

A

crude oil - a finite resource used to make plastics

40
Q

what are some problems with the production and disposal of synthetic polymers

A
  • lots of synthetic polymers like plastic get sent to landfill as its expensive to separate and recycle
  • non-biodegradeable
  • crude oil is a finite resource and is used for many other things
  • Although burning plastics creates energy it gives off toxic fumes if uncontrolled
  • burning produces CO2
41
Q

What are some advantages of recycling polymers

A
  • reduces waste at landfill
  • reduces emissions of greenhouse gases by burning
  • reduces demand of crude oil
  • saves money and creates jobs
42
Q

What are some disadvantages of recycling polymers

A
  • must be separated which can be difficult and expensive
  • when mixed it reduces the quality of final product
  • only be recycled a certain amount of times
  • melting releases dangerous gases
43
Q

What are fuels made from

A

Alcohols

44
Q

How can you see which alcohol is the best

A
  • put alcohol in spirit burner (and weigh mass before) underneath 100cm^3 of distilled water in a copper calorimeter
  • insulate with draught excluder and lid
  • take initial temperature
  • start burning and stirring
  • keep burning until temp of water is 20degrees
  • reweigh the spirit burner
  • repeat for other alochols
45
Q

what makes a good fuel

A

less alcohol burnt means better fuel

46
Q

What should you keep the same in a combustion of alcohols experiment

A
  • mass of water
  • height of conatainer above wick
  • length of wick
  • no. moles of alcohol
47
Q

what is the flame test colour for lithium

A

Red (crimson)

48
Q

what is the flame test colour for sodium

A

yellow

49
Q

what is the flame test colour for potassium

A

lilac

50
Q

what is the flame test colour for calcium

A

orangey-red

51
Q

what is the flame test colour for copper

A

blue-green

52
Q

how do you carry out a flame test

A
  • clean inoculating loop in HCl and rinse in distilled water
  • dip wire loop in metal compound, burn it and record the colour
  • burn off excess
53
Q

Why does a flame test have restrictions if trying to work out what kind of metal ion mystery substance has

A

It only works for compounds contain one metal ion

54
Q

What is the test for cations (metal ions) which produces a coloured precipitate

A

Sodium hydroxide to form metal hydroxide precipitates

insoluble

55
Q 
What colour is the metal hydroxide precipitate of 
Aluminium -
Calcium - 
Copper - 
Iron (II) -
Iron (III) -
A 
Al3+ White at first but dedissolves to form colourless
Ca2+ White
Cu2+ Blue
Fe2+ Green
Fe3+ Brown
56
Q

What does adding sodium hydroxide to ammonium ions produce

how do we test for this

A

ammonia
damp red litmus goes blue
has distinct strong smell
can be toxic

57
Q

What is flame photometry

A

an instrumental method which allows you to idntify ions in a dilute solution by showing a unique line spectrum

58
Q

What are some advantages of instrumental methods of analysis like flame photometry

A

Very fast
very sensitive -detects small amount
very accurate - no human error

59
Q

How do you identify carbonate ions

and symbol equation

A

(ANION test)

  • add dilute acid
  • if carbonates present/ it will react + fizz
  • CO3^2- + 2H+&raquo_space;»» CO2 +H2O
60
Q

how do you test for Carbon dioxide after carbonate test

A

Bubble solution through lime water and if it goes cloudy/milky its present

61
Q

How do you test for sulfate ions

A

ANIONS
add dilute hydrochloric acid to stop any unwanted reactions taking place
-add barium chloride and if any sulfates present it goes white precipitate

62
Q

How do you test for halide ions

A

ANIONS

-add dilute nitric acid the silver nitrate

63
Q

What colours form is silver halide precipitates

A

Chloride - white
Bromide - cream
Iodide - yellow

64
Q

Why are tests for each ion unique

A

because each test gives certain results depending on which ions are present

65
Q

What are glass and clay ceramics

A

made by baking substances to produce a brittle, stiff material

66
Q

What is a composite material

A

made up of different materials embedded in one another
properties depend on what its made from
eg) carbon fibre makes nanotubes
-quite expensive

67
Q

What is a nanoparticle

A
  • between 1-100 nanometers across

- made up of roughly a few 100 atoms

68
Q

Give an example of a nanoparticle

A

Fullerines

these include nanotubes held together by very strong covalent bonds

69
Q

How is a nanoparticle different from the bulk chemical its made from

A

they have very different properties

70
Q

What makes nanoparticles good cataylsts

A

they have a high surface area to volume ratio

so reactions can happen on the surface so more collisions

71
Q

Gives some uses of nanoparticles and why

A

Sunscreens - snall particles provide protection and no white marks
nanomedicine - fullerines cage drug and are absorbed more easily by body and deliver to right cells
lubricant coatings -
nanotubes - conduct so used in electric circuits
silver nanoparticles - used to make surgical wound dressings

72
Q

What are the risks with nanoparticles

A
  • we dont know the full health effects
  • people worry could be harmful as we dont know long term effects
  • some dont break down properly so could stay in in cells
  • if breathed in cause lung inflammation.

A - Chemistry GCSE (11 decks)

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