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A - Chemistry GCSE > Topic 9 - Separate Chemistry 2 > Flashcards

Topic 9 - Separate Chemistry 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the first 4 members of the alkane homologus series

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

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2
Q

Whats the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons are alkenes and have a double bond which means they can form more bonds

saturated have all single bonds and are alkanes

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3
Q

what are the the names of the first 4 alkene homologus series

A

Ethene, propene, Butene and pentene

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4
Q

whats a functional group

A

group of atoms that determine how a molecule reacts. members of a homologus series conatain the same functional group

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5
Q

what are the simlarities of but-1-ene and but-2-ene

A

both are C4H8 but double bonds are at end of 1 and in the middle of 2

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6
Q

What is an addition reaction

A

Opening up the double bond of an alkene (unsaturated monomer) to make polymer chains
eg) polyethene
This is called addition polymerisation

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7
Q

How can you test for an alkene and why does this not work with alkanes

A

Bromine water- when shaken, addition reaction takes place where bromine is added across double bond

Alkanes cant because they dont have a double bond.

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8
Q

Equation for combustion of an alkane

A

Ethane + oxygen&raquo_space;»> Carbon dioxide and water

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9
Q

Equation for combustion of an alkene

A

Ethene + oxygen&raquo_space;»> Carbon dioxide and water

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10
Q

What is the general formula of an alkane

A

CnH2n+2

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11
Q

What is the general formula of an alkene

A

CnH2n

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12
Q

What is the name and formula of the alcohol found in alcoholic drinks

A

Ethanol

2C2H5OH

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13
Q

How are alcoholic drinks made from carbohydrates

A

They come from glucose a common sugar source which is mixed with yeast and fermented
simple sugars like glucose are carbohydrates

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14
Q

What is the balanced equation for the formation of ethanol from carbohydrates

A

C6H12O6&raquo_space;>(yeast)»> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

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15
Q

what is the word equation for formation of ethanol from carbohydrates

A

glucose»»(yeast)»»>Ethanol + carbon dioxide

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16
Q

How can fractional distillation be used to produce more concentrated solutions of alcohol

A
  • dilute solution of ethanol is produced by fermentation
  • to make it above 20% fractional distillation is used to make it more concentrated
  • ethanol has a boiling point lower than water so it evaporates and vapour rises up fractionating column leaving water as liquid
  • liebig condenser is used so ethanol can condense and be collected in flask
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17
Q

Describe the fermentation process

A
  • mix yeast and carbohydrates and leave in warm place
  • this is between 30-40 degrees for enzymes to work as fastest rate with denaturing
  • no oxygen should get to mixture so it respires anaerobically so ethanol becomes ethanoic acid
  • when concentration of alcohol reaches 10% reaction stops and yeast is killed off
  • collect ethanol from the top as yeast at bottom
  • can then be distilled to produce more concentrated alcohol
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18
Q

What is the general formula for an alcohol

A

CnH2n+1

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19
Q

What are the first 4 alcohols in the homologus series

A

Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol

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20
Q

what is the functional group of all alcohols

A

-OH group (attached on end of carbon chain)

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21
Q

What is a common chemical reaction of alcohols

A

an oxidation reaction using an oxidising reagent to form a carboxylic acid
-It forms a double bond

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22
Q

Why do alcohols have similar chemical properties

A

because they are part of the same functional group /homologus series

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23
Q

What are some properties of alcohols

A
  • soluble
  • flammable
  • higher boiling points than other hydrocarbons
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24
Q

What are the names of the first 4 carboxylic acids

A

Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid

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25
What is the genral formula of a carboxylic acid
Cn-1H2n-1COOH eg) methanoic acid is just HCOOH ethanoic acid is CH3COOH
26
What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid
-COOH
27
How are carboxylic acids formed?
-by the oxidation of alcohols (loss of electrons) -forms a double bond between carbon and oxygen - and -OH is attached to a carbon
28
what are the chemical properties of some carboxylic acids
- boiling point increases as molecules get bigger | - soluble
29
What is a polymer
a substance made up of lots of repeating units called monomers
30
How do ethene molecules join together to form polyethene
- unsaturated ethene monomer opens up its double bond to join to other monomers - this creates a polymer chain in process of addition polymerisation
31
What is DNA a polymer of?
four different monomers called nucleotides AT GC join together in a polymerisation reaction
32
what is starch a polymer of
starch is a complex carbohydrate made up of many smaller units of carbohydrates called sugars
33
What is a protein a polymer of
amino acid monomers join together through condensation polymerisation
34
How are other addition polymers such as polypropene, PVC and PTFE formed
from the joining together of their monomers in a polymerisation reaction
35
What is high density polyethene used for + | what about low density
- water pipes | - plastic bags
36
what is polypropene used for
make plastic kettles | -as its more heat resistant
37
What is meant by a condensation reaction
- reaction between 2 monomers with different functional groups - bonds form to create a polymer - for each new bond that forms a small molecule like water is lost (hence condensation)
38
describe how polyesters are formed
-condensation polymerisation reaction - dicarboxylic acid and diol monomer react from their two functional groups -COOH and -OH - an ester link is formed between - for each ester link a molecule of water is lost
39
What is the starting material for most synthetic polymers
crude oil - a finite resource used to make plastics
40
what are some problems with the production and disposal of synthetic polymers
- lots of synthetic polymers like plastic get sent to landfill as its expensive to separate and recycle - non-biodegradeable - crude oil is a finite resource and is used for many other things - Although burning plastics creates energy it gives off toxic fumes if uncontrolled - burning produces CO2
41
What are some advantages of recycling polymers
- reduces waste at landfill - reduces emissions of greenhouse gases by burning - reduces demand of crude oil - saves money and creates jobs
42
What are some disadvantages of recycling polymers
- must be separated which can be difficult and expensive - when mixed it reduces the quality of final product - only be recycled a certain amount of times - melting releases dangerous gases
43
What are fuels made from
Alcohols
44
How can you see which alcohol is the best
- put alcohol in spirit burner (and weigh mass before) underneath 100cm^3 of distilled water in a copper calorimeter - insulate with draught excluder and lid - take initial temperature - start burning and stirring - keep burning until temp of water is 20degrees - reweigh the spirit burner - repeat for other alochols
45
what makes a good fuel
less alcohol burnt means better fuel
46
What should you keep the same in a combustion of alcohols experiment
- mass of water - height of conatainer above wick - length of wick - no. moles of alcohol
47
what is the flame test colour for lithium
Red (crimson)
48
what is the flame test colour for sodium
yellow
49
what is the flame test colour for potassium
lilac
50
what is the flame test colour for calcium
orangey-red
51
what is the flame test colour for copper
blue-green
52
how do you carry out a flame test
- clean inoculating loop in HCl and rinse in distilled water - dip wire loop in metal compound, burn it and record the colour - burn off excess
53
Why does a flame test have restrictions if trying to work out what kind of metal ion mystery substance has
It only works for compounds contain one metal ion
54
What is the test for cations (metal ions) which produces a coloured precipitate
Sodium hydroxide to form metal hydroxide precipitates | insoluble
55
``` What colour is the metal hydroxide precipitate of Aluminium - Calcium - Copper - Iron (II) - Iron (III) - ```
``` Al3+ White at first but dedissolves to form colourless Ca2+ White Cu2+ Blue Fe2+ Green Fe3+ Brown ```
56
What does adding sodium hydroxide to ammonium ions produce | how do we test for this
ammonia damp red litmus goes blue has distinct strong smell can be toxic
57
What is flame photometry
an instrumental method which allows you to idntify ions in a dilute solution by showing a unique line spectrum
58
What are some advantages of instrumental methods of analysis like flame photometry
Very fast very sensitive -detects small amount very accurate - no human error
59
How do you identify carbonate ions | and symbol equation
(ANION test) - add dilute acid - if carbonates present/ it will react + fizz - CO3^2- + 2H+ >>>>>> CO2 +H2O
60
how do you test for Carbon dioxide after carbonate test
Bubble solution through lime water and if it goes cloudy/milky its present
61
How do you test for sulfate ions
ANIONS add dilute hydrochloric acid to stop any unwanted reactions taking place -add barium chloride and if any sulfates present it goes white precipitate
62
How do you test for halide ions
ANIONS | -add dilute nitric acid the silver nitrate
63
What colours form is silver halide precipitates
Chloride - white Bromide - cream Iodide - yellow
64
Why are tests for each ion unique
because each test gives certain results depending on which ions are present
65
What are glass and clay ceramics
made by baking substances to produce a brittle, stiff material
66
What is a composite material
made up of different materials embedded in one another properties depend on what its made from eg) carbon fibre makes nanotubes -quite expensive
67
What is a nanoparticle
- between 1-100 nanometers across | - made up of roughly a few 100 atoms
68
Give an example of a nanoparticle
Fullerines | these include nanotubes held together by very strong covalent bonds
69
How is a nanoparticle different from the bulk chemical its made from
they have very different properties
70
What makes nanoparticles good cataylsts
they have a high surface area to volume ratio | so reactions can happen on the surface so more collisions
71
Gives some uses of nanoparticles and why
Sunscreens - snall particles provide protection and no white marks nanomedicine - fullerines cage drug and are absorbed more easily by body and deliver to right cells lubricant coatings - nanotubes - conduct so used in electric circuits silver nanoparticles - used to make surgical wound dressings
72
What are the risks with nanoparticles
- we dont know the full health effects - people worry could be harmful as we dont know long term effects - some dont break down properly so could stay in in cells - if breathed in cause lung inflammation.

A - Chemistry GCSE (11 decks)

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