Topic 9 rocks Flashcards
Minerals
Substances that makes up rocks. It is obtained by mining
Lithosphere
The outer part of the earth consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
Magma
A boiling mixture containing molten rock and gases. It is found just below the earths surface.
Sediments
Mineral or organic matter deposited by water, air, or ice.
Native elements
Elements found uncombined in the earths crust
Crystal
A clear, transparent mineral or glass resembling ice
Lustre
A mineral that describes the way that it reflects light. It is described as glassy or brilliant.
Streak
The powdery mark left in a mineral by scraping it on a hard surface like a white ceramic tile
Hardness
A measure of how difficult it is to scratch the surface of a solid material.
Igneous rocks
Rocks that form from hot magma “lava” being cooled down
Extrusive rocks
Rocks that solidify above ground from lava
Pumice
A igneous rock that is used for cleaning and is one of the only rocks that can float
Scoria
A dark igneous rock that solidifys from lava that cools quickly
Abrasive
A property of a material or substance that easily scratches another
Basalt
Igneous rock sometimes formed in water, sometimes has holes.
Obsidian
Black rock with extremely high lustre, smooth shell
Intrusive rocks
Igneous rock that forms when magma cools below the earths surface
Batholiths
Large bodies of intrusive rocks, van stretch over 1000 kilometres.
Granite
Common intrusive rock that has crystals that are different colours that are visible.
Minerals
Substances that makes up rocks. It is obtained by mining
Lithosphere
The outer part of the earth consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
Magma
A boiling mixture containing molten rock and gases. It is found just below the earths surface.
Sediments
Mineral or organic matter deposited by water, air, or ice.
Native elements
Elements found uncombined in the earths crust
Crystal
A clear, transparent mineral or glass resembling ice
Lustre
A mineral that describes the way that it reflects light. It is described as glassy or brilliant.
Streak
The powdery mark left in a mineral by scraping it on a hard surface like a white ceramic tile
Hardness
A measure of how difficult it is to scratch the surface of a solid material.
Igneous rocks
Rocks that form from hot magma “lava” being cooled down
Extrusive rocks
Rocks that solidify above ground from lava
Pumice
A igneous rock that is used for cleaning and is one of the only rocks that can float
Scoria
A dark igneous rock that solidifys from lava that cools quickly
Abrasive
A property of a material or substance that easily scratches another
Sedimentary rocks
Types of rock that are made when sad, mud and pebbles get laid down in layers. They can also be from in water.
Metamorphic rocks
Contains bands and layers formed by great pressure and another rock under great heat.
Erosion
The wearing away and removal of soil and rock by naturally elements like wind
Flood plains
Flat, open land beside a river where sediments are deposited during floods
Glaciers
Large pieces of ice that move and push rocks and boulders.
Moraines
Deposit left by movement of glaciers.
Sandstone
A sedimentary rock with medium sized grains that are cemented together by lime, silica and other salts.
Mudstone
A fine grained sedimentary rock without layering
Shale
A fine grained sedimentary rock formed in layers
Siltstone
A sedimentary rock with a particle size between sandstone and mudstone
Conglomerate
Sedimentary rock containing large particles of various sizes cemented together
Limestone
A sedimentary rock that is mainly formed from sea elements
Coal
A sedimentary rock formed from dead organisms
Rock salt
A sedimentary deposit formed when a salt lake or sea bed dried
Metamorphism
The process that changes rocks by pressure or heat
Slate
A fine grained metamorphic rock form d as a result as metamorphism
Gneiss
A metamorphic rock formed with great pressure
Mineral ores
Rocks mined to obtain a metal or other chemical within them
Mining
Extraction of natural resources from the earth
Environmental impact statement (EIS)
Study of the possible effects of a planned project on the environment
Rehabilitation
Restored to its previous condition
Overburden
Waste rock removed from below the topsoil. The rock is replaced when the area is restored
Open-cut mining
Mining that scours our soil and rocks on the surface on the land
Underground mining
Mining that’s uses shafts no tunnels to remove rock from deep below the surface
Stone age
The time beginning about two million years ago during which early humans made implements of stone
Alloy
A mixture with a metal and a non-metal
Flint
A sedimentary rock that leaves a very sharp edge when broken
Percussion flaking
A process in which tool stones such as flint or obsidian were struck with harder stones, such as quartzite, to shear large flakes that could be used to make small tools.
Fossil
Remains or trace of any animal of an animal or plant of a former geological age
Palaeontologists
A scientist who studies fossils
Folding
Caused when rocks are under pressure from both sides
Relative age
The age of a rock compared with the age of another rock
Trace fossils
Fossils that provide evidence that an organism was present the rock was formed
Extinct
Animals and plants that are know longer living and redeveloping
Carnivores
Animals that eat other animals
Scavengers
Animals that eat dead plants or dead animals
