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IB Biology > Topic 9 - Plants > Flashcards

Topic 9 - Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Stomata

A

Openings in leaves through which water vapour is lost. Also allow for oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange between the leaf and its environment.

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2
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water vapour from leaves and other aerial (i.e. exposed to air) parts of plants.

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3
Q

Blade

A

Flattened portion of a leaf.

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4
Q

Petiole

A

Stalk that attaches the blade to the stem.

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5
Q

Cuticle

A

Waxy outer layer of a leaf. Protects from water loss, insect invasion.

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6
Q

Epidermis

A

Outermost layer of leaves if waxy cuticle isn’t present; protects the plant.

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7
Q

Vascular Tissue (2 types + their functions)

A

Xylem: brings water to the leaves.

Phloem: brings the products of photosynthesis to the rest of the plant.

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8
Q

Xylem and phloem occur in ____ or ____ ____ - how are they distributed?

A

Veins, vascular bundles

They are distributed throughout the leaf to transport raw materials and products of photosynthesis; occur in the middle of the leaf to reach all cells.

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9
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

Dense region of cells in the upper portion (i.e. highest availability of light) of the leaf. Contains many chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

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10
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

Bottom portion of the leaf. Loosely-packed cells with few chloroplasts. Air spaces provide surfaces for gas exchange; located just above stomata so exchange is continuous.

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11
Q

Guard cells

A

Specialized cells that control the opening/closing of stomata.

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12
Q

Stomata are on the bottom of the leaf…

A

Lower temperature as less light is received; minimizes water loss.

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13
Q

Functions of xylem

A

Support for the plant, specialized water-conducting tissue.

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14
Q

Tracheids

A

Dead cells with tapered ends that connect to each other and form a continuous column.

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15
Q

Vessel elements

A

Dead cells with lignified secondary walls, often interrupted by areas of primary walls with pits/pores so water can move laterally. Form continuous columns.

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16
Q

Ends of vessel elements…

A

…have perforations in them so water can move freely up the plant.

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17
Q

Are tracheids or vessel elements more efficient in transporting water?

A

Vessel elements

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18
Q

How do stomata open/close?

A

Changes in the turgor pressure of guard cells.

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19
Q

How do guard cells open/close stomata?

A

The stoma opens when the guard cells take in water and swell - they bulge towards the outside. The guard cells sag and close the stoma when they lose water.

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20
Q

Potassium ions

A

ATP-powered proton pumps in the plasma membranes of guard cells are triggered by blue light, which triggers the active transport of potassium into the cell.

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21
Q

Osmosis (guard cells)

A

Increased solute concentration in guard cells causes water to move into them via osmosis.

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22
Q

Cohesion-tension theory

A

Water moves up xylem due to hydrogen bonding between water molecules (cohesion) and water and xylem (adhesion).

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23
Q

Function of roots

A

Provide mineral ion and water uptake for the plant.

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24
Q

Root hairs

A

Specialized epidermal structures; increase the surface area over which water and mineral ions can be absorbed.

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25
Q

Root cap

A

Protects the apical meristem during the primary growth of the root through the soil.

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26
Q

Zone of cell division

A

New undifferentiated cells form here, corresponding with the M phase of the cell cycle.

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27
Q

Zone of elongation

A

Cells are enlarging in size, corresponding with the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

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28
Q

Zone of maturation

A

Cells become a functional part of the plant.

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29
Q

Movement of water into root cells

A

Water moves into plasma membranes of root hair cells through osmosis and moves to the vascular cylinder (xylem/phloem).

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30
Q

Processes that let mineral ions pass from soil to roots (3)

A

(1) Diffusion of mineral ions and mass flow of water that carries the ions (2) Action of fungal hyphae (3) Active transport

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31
Q

Mass flow

A

Passive flow of water and minerals dissolved in it into root cells.

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32
Q

Xerophyte

A

Plant that is adapted to arid climates; adaptations help prevent water loss.

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33
Q

Halophyte

A

Plant that is adapted to grow in highly saline water; adaptations help store water and dilute salt concentrations.

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34
Q

Sieve elements

A

Main component of phloem; form sieve tubes.

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35
Q

Sieve plates

A

Connect sieve elements; contain pores that allow water and organic molecules to move throughout the plant.

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36
Q

Companion cells

A

Regulates the activity of the adjacent sieve element.

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37
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Connects companion cells to sieve elements.

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38
Q

Source

A

Net producer of sugar by photosynthesis or the hydrolysis of starch (e.g. leaves).

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39
Q

Sink

A

Uses/stores sugar (e.g. roots, buds, stems, seeds, fruits).

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40
Q

Translocation

A

Movement of organic molecules in plants.

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41
Q

Phloem sap

A

Solution of organic molecules (sugars, amino acids, hormones, RNA) dissolved in water.

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42
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Positive pressure caused by the uptake of water at the source. Causes flow of sap in sieve tube.

43
Q

Sugar loading

A

Sugar enters the sieve tube from the source via active transport. Water enters via osmosis from the surrounding cells.

44
Q

Removal of sugar; sugar is changed to what?

A

Sugar enters the sink via active transport and is changed to insoluble starch.

45
Q

Cotransport proteins

A

Specialized membrane proteins that allow for passive and active transport.

46
Q

Dermal tissue

A

Outer covering that protects from physical agents and pathogens, prevents water loss.

47
Q

Ground tissue

A

Thin-walled cells; storage, photosynthesis, support, secretion.

48
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Xylem and phloem; carry out long-distance conduction of water, minerals, and nutrients, provide support.

49
Q

Meristematic tissue

A

Same function as stem cells; all tissue types are derived from meristem.

50
Q

Indeterminate growth in plants

A

Doesn’t stop at a certain size.

51
Q

Intials

A

Cells that remains meristematic after the division of meristematic tissue.

52
Q

Derivatives

A

Cells that begin differentiation after a meristem cell divides.

53
Q

Apical meristems

A

Occur at the tips of roots and stems.

54
Q

Shoot apex

A

Apical meristem and; surrounding developing tissue. Produces new tissue and causes primary growth through mitosis and cell division.

55
Q

Lateral meristems

A

Allow secondary growth (i.e. increased thickness).

56
Q

Vascular cambium

A

Produces secondary vascular tissue; xylem on the inside, phloem on the outside.

57
Q

Cork cambium

A

Occurs in bark, produces cork cells of outer bark.

58
Q

Tropisms

A

Growth/movement to directional external stimuli.

59
Q

Phototropism

A

Plant growth in response to light; positive with stems, negative with roots.

60
Q

Auxins

A

Plant hormones that cause positive phototropism in shoots and seedlings.

61
Q

How does auxin work?

A

Increased flexibility in plant cell walls result in the elongation of cells, which allows for growth towards light.

62
Q

Auxin efflux pumps

A

Specialized membrane proteins that move auxins out of cells that are close to light.

63
Q

Auxin influx

A

Entry of auxin into a cell

64
Q

Indoleacetic acid (IAA)

A

Auxin that causes cells to elongate and the stem to curve towards light.

65
Q

Auxin and gene expression

A

Whenever auxin affects cell growth, it does so by changing the pattern of gene expression. Often occurs by interacting with the repressor of a certain gene.

66
Q

Angiosperm

A

Plant that has a flower.

67
Q

Monocots

A

Angiosperms whose seeds have 1 cotyledon.

68
Q

Dicots

A

Angiosperms whose seeds have 2 cotyledons.

69
Q

Sepals

A

Protect the developing flower bud.

70
Q

Petals

A

Colourful; attract pollinators.

71
Q

Pistil/Carpel

A

Female reproductive structure of flower.

72
Q

Stigma

A

Sticky top; traps pollen.

73
Q

Style

A

Thin tube, transports pollen from the stigma to the ovary. Supports the stigma.

74
Q

Ovary

A

Where ovules develop into fruit.

75
Q

Ovule

A

Contains egg cell, which develops into a seed after fertilization.

76
Q

Stamen

A

Male reproductive structure of flower.

77
Q

Filament

A

Thin stalk, supports the anther.

78
Q

Anther

A

Knob-shaped structure, produces pollen (male sex cells).

79
Q

Two generations in plant life cycle:

A

Gametophyte (haploid) and sporophyte (diploid)

80
Q

Products of gametophyte generation

A

Plant gametes (via mitosis)

81
Q

Products of sporophyte generation

A

Spores (via meiosis)

82
Q

Pollination

A

Pollen (w/male sex cells) is placed on the stigma.

83
Q

Vectors of pollination (5)

A

Wind, insects, birds, water, animals

84
Q

Self-pollination

A

A plant’s pollen falls on its own stigma. Reduces genetic variation.

85
Q

Cross-pollination

A

Pollen from one plant falls on the stigma of another plant. Increases genetic variation.

86
Q

Fertilization

A

Male and female sex cells form a diploid zygote.

87
Q

Testa

A

Protective coat around seed.

88
Q

Cotyledon

A

Seed leaves; store nutrients.

89
Q

Micropyle

A

“Scar” where pollen tube entered the ovule. Water enters here.

90
Q

Hypocotyl

A

Embryonic stem

91
Q

Epicotyl

A

Embryonic shoot

92
Q

Radicle

A

Embryonic root

93
Q

Seed dormancy

A

Period of low metabolism; no growth/development occurs.

94
Q

Germination

A

Seed develops into a functional plant.

95
Q

Conditions for germination

A

Water, oxygen, temperature (enzyme action); some need a broken testa, exposure to fire.

96
Q

Large numbers of seeds are produced because…

A

…many seeds don’t make functioning plants due to several dangers; quantity of seeds ensures survival of species.

97
Q

Photoperiodism

A

Plant response to light regarding relative lengths of day and night.

98
Q

Long-day plants

A

Flower when days are longer.

99
Q

Short-day plants

A

Flower when days are shorter.

100
Q

Day-neutral plants

A

Flower whenever, day length doesn’t matter.

101
Q

Phytochrome (2 forms)

A

Blue-green pigment that controls flowering. Pr in inactive and absorbs red light (becomes Pfr) Pfr is active and absorbs far red light (becomes Pr).

102
Q

Pfr in long-day plants

A

Promotes flowering; binds to receptor and promotes transcription of genes.

103
Q

Pfr in short-day plants

A

Inhibits flowering; binds to receptor and inhibits transcription of genes.

IB Biology (2 decks)

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