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R.S. Theology > Topic 9 - Gender + Society > Flashcards

Topic 9 - Gender + Society Flashcards

1
Q

what is simone de beauvoir’s false consciousness?

A

Idea that women believe they should suffer from society’s gender typical roles of men and women, until this is dispelled the issue will still occur

Beauvoir believes men and women are born without gender roles and society moulds them

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2
Q

what is michel foucault’s view on gender?

A

ars erotica = purpose of sex is for pleasure, companionship and education

foucault believed controlling sexual practices was an essential and important aspect of power

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3
Q

what was betty freidans view of gender?

A

said that although women’s current role was reproduction this did not satisfy them.

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4
Q

what is the biblical quote on reproduction?

A

‘be fruitful and multiply’ (genesis 1:28)

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5
Q

what is the conservative protestant christian view on gender roles?

A

believe men and women are created equal by different and each have different roles to fulfil and thus feminism is such a radical change to society that it is dangerous.

‘god created men and women differently from the beginning’ (genesis 1:27)

these reject foucaults idea of gender roles from society

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6
Q

what is the conservative protestant christian view on motherhood?

A

a women’s role is to be wife and mother

they trace it back to eve whose name means ‘the mother of all living’ (genesis 3:20)

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7
Q

what is the conservative protestant christian view on different types of family?

A

suspicious of any family that isn’t heterosexual

they point to a report from sara mclanahan and gary sander (1994) that shows children do less well educationally if non-heterosexual family

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8
Q

what is liberal protestants view of gender roles?

A

say point of biblical ideal which governs gender roles is that gender is not intrinsic as covenant is a human reflection on what it means to be in a relationship with god e.g. endorse foucault liberating gender from sex and controlling power of church

however, they question foucault reducing sex to just being pleasure

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9
Q

what is liberal protestants view on motherhood?

A

motherhood has no particular significance for them

they advocate feminists such as de beauvoir and friedans views that motherhood is false consciousness sometimes

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10
Q

what is liberal protestants view of traditional family?

A

persuaded by evidence of sociologist jessie bernard that children feeling loved is what is important rather than the type of family

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11
Q

what is roman catholics view on gender roles?

A

mulieris dignitatum - john paul ii

says both men and women are made in the image of god but simply have different creative skills

however, says man is the ‘head of woman’, this doesn’t mean dominion but doesn’t permit women to take on male roles

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12
Q

what is roman catholics view on motherhood?

A

mulieris dignitatum

‘mary the model of motherhood’

‘in their shared parenthood he owes a special debt to the woman’

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13
Q

what is roman catholics view on different types of family?

A

says children must be brought up in ‘intact families’

‘human love does not tolerate trial marriages. It demands total and definitive gift from one person to another’ (catechism of the catholic church)

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14
Q

what is roman catholic feminists view on gender roles?

A

elizabeth fiorenza argues there were many dominant female leaders

phoebe (romans 16)
priscilla (acts 18)

fiorenza says ‘our heritage is our power’

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15
Q

what is roman catholic feminists view on MOTHERHOOD?

A

say feminists such as de beauvoir go too far in their thinking but think motherhood should be an option and not a burden as maulers dignitatum is over romanticised

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16
Q

what is roman catholic feminists view on family?

A

feminists such as ivone gebara give the idea of mary who as a virgin is a single mother working class as can be seen today

mary is a source of inspiration for as a virgin despite her ‘failure’ she remains open to god

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17
Q

ESSAY PLAN - GENDER ROLES

“should christianity resist current secular view of gender?”

POINT 1 - underkine gender roles in the bible in line with natural order, biblical teachings (paul’s letters)

A
  • There appears to be a clear suggestion in the Bible that a family is that of man, woman and children, with the man as head of the family.
  • Paul’s letters put forward as Christian doctrine that there are specific gender roles and even hierarchies: Ephesians 5 “wives, be subject to your husbands as you are to the Lord” implies men occupy a position of greater importance than women, 1 Corinthians “woman is the reflection of man” - man is made in direct image of God, with woman being a lesser or secondary image, thus justifying female subordination Traditional biblical view is that there is a natural order to creation/ gender roles, secular views undermine this
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18
Q

ESSAY PLAN - GENDER ROLES

“should christianity resist current secular view of gender?”

POINT 1 - counter argument

hermeneutical reading of the bible (reuther)

A

• Many feminist theologians, such a Rosemary Radford Ruether, have argued the true message of the Bible has been concealed by “layers of varnish” through male authorship – we must re analyse the Bible in light of new discoveries about family i.e. women going to work, gay marriage, to uncover its fundamental message: that of equality Galatians 3 “there is no longer male and female; for all of you are on in Jesus Christ”

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19
Q

ESSAY PLAN - GENDER ROLES

“should christianity resist current secular view of gender?”

POINT 1 - counter response

church enforces traditional ideas (mulieris dignitatum)

A

• Yet still, even if one is able to discover egalitarian/ liberal perspectives on gender, the Church choses to ignore them today, pushing a “natural” God given idea of the family – Mulleris Dignitatem, an apostolic letter written by Pope John Paul II that sets out the Catholic doctrine on women’s relation to men as “equal but different”, focusing on the roles of women as mothers, teachers and daughters

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20
Q

ESSAY PLAN - GENDER ROLES

“should christianity resist current secular view of gender?”

POINT 1 - conclusive response

no “natural” duties/roles

A
  • Ann Oakley – concept of biological motherhood is a myth and a way of patriarchal control naturalistic fallacy: simply because women can biologically reproduce does not mean it is necessarily good
  • Many have criticised Church documents such as MD for enforcing backward ideas regarding gender/ family – women are no longer seen as “helpers” and often men choose to stay at home with the children whilst mothers go out to work traditional Biblical ideas have lost their significance in today’s liberal society, and perhaps rightly so
21
Q

ESSAY PLAN - GENDER ROLES

“should christianity resist current secular view of gender?”

POINT 2

must break from societal roles (beauvoir)

A
  • Simone De Beauvoir ‘The Second Sex’ Women have tacitly accepted “the eternal feminine”: false view that there are essential female characteristics and define a purpose and roles of women in society women are trapped in a “false consciousness”, an illusory and captive view of motherhood and family which has left a woman “riveted to her body” and allowed her to be dominated
  • Women do not have an innate instinct towards being mothers, and only has value if it is a choice made by the woman herself – Christian ideas on gender roles are damaging, secular ideas free women of false consciousness
22
Q

ESSAY PLAN - GENDER ROLES

“should christianity resist current secular view of gender?”

POINT 2 - counter argument

naturalistic feminism, natural duties which are fulfilling (mary o’brien)

A
  • Essential human differences between men and women, biological and innate different paths of fulfilment; identify motherhood and reproduction as processes unique to women, which is undermined by secularism
  • Mary O’Brien criticises De Beauvoir’s theories on motherhood, arguing they fail to account for the value of children towards women themselves and how they can be empowering, essential and fulfilling
23
Q

ESSAY PLAN - GENDER ROLES

“should christianity resist current secular view of gender?”

POINT 2 - counter response

not natural phenomenons, only cultural ones to serve patriarchy (firestone)

A

• Shulamith Firestone – the idea of the nuclear family is not a natural phenomenon but a cultural construct developed through patriarchal needs raising children communally would liberate women and remove expectations attached to being male or female enforced by the Church

24
Q

ESSAY PLAN - GENDER ROLES

“should christianity resist current secular view of gender?”

POINT 2 - conclusive response

liberal feminist ideas are destructive - bible offers stability (mclanahan)

A

• Sara McLanahan and Gary Sandefur – indicate children do less well and couples are less happy in blended families (divorce/remarried etc.), single parent and single sex families secular ideas have negative impacts

25
Q

ESSAY PLAN - GENDER ROLES

“should christianity resist current secular view of gender?”

POINT 3

develop christian views in light of secular realisations on gender, gender inclusive (reuther)

A

• Ruether identifies the Jewish wisdom tradition the title of “Sophia”, which she argues was used as a metaphor for the Logos before the maleness of Jesus brought forward the preference for male terms to describe the Trinity highlights how the trinity if fundamentally a relational and gender-inclusive spiritual experience which has been misinterpreted by the patriarchy.

26
Q

ESSAY PLAN - GENDER ROLES

“should christianity resist current secular view of gender?”

POINT 3 - counter argument

historical religions - always brought back to traditional views on family (hampson)

A

• (Hampson) “Women will always be disadvantaged in this situation, for that history to which Christians refer is the history of a patriarchal age” – arguably asking too much of Xnity to move away from its traditional, dogmatic ideas of family/ gender

27
Q

ESSAY PLAN - GENDER ROLES

“should christianity resist current secular view of gender?”

POINT 3 - conclusive response

re interpret/ develop christianity in light of cultural evolution

A

• Xn message is one of love – Ruether argues we must look to develop Xn ideas of gender (and also family) in light of new realisations

28
Q

ESSAY PLAN - FAMILY

“is the idea of family culturally determined?”

POINT 1

coincide with teachings in the bible in line with natural order (paul’s letters)

A
  • There appears to be a clear suggestion in the Bible that a family is that of man, woman and children, with the man as head of the family.
  • Paul’s letters put forward as Christian doctrine that there are specific gender roles and even hierarchies: Ephesians 5 “wives, be subject to your husbands as you are to the Lord” implies men occupy a position of greater importance than women, 1 Corinthians “woman is the reflection of man” - man is made in direct image of God, with woman being a lesser or secondary image, thus justifying female subordination Traditional biblical view is that there is a natural order to creation and within families – men in public sphere, women in private – this is not culturally determined
29
Q

ESSAY PLAN - FAMILY

“is the idea of family culturally determined?”

POINT 1 - counter argument

hermeneutical reading of the bible (reuther)

A
  • Many feminist theologians, such a Rosemary Radford Ruether, have argued the true message of the Bible has been concealed by “layers of varnish” through male authorship – we must re analyse the Bible in light of new discoveries about family i.e. women going to work, gay marriage, to uncover its fundamental message: that of loving ones neighbour as oneself and thus accepting all forms of family
  • Jesus often challenged stereotypes and was not someone who fulfilled expectations of masculinity (Mark 5 The woman bleeding for 12 years), but sought to establish a new egalitarian social order that promoted equality; suggesting we are not limited to traditional and arguably dogmatic conceptions of family or gender
30
Q

ESSAY PLAN - FAMILY

“is the idea of family culturally determined?”

POINT 1 - counter response

church enforces traditional ideas in 21st century (mulieris dignitatum)

A

• Yet still, even if one is able to discover egalitarian/ liberal perspectives on gender, which may influence a more culturally determined view of the family, the Church choses to ignore them today, pushing a “natural” God given idea of the family – Mulleris Dignitatem, an apostolic letter written by Pope John Paul II that sets out the Catholic doctrine on women’s relation to men as “equal but different”, focusing on the roles of women as mothers, teachers and daughters

31
Q

ESSAY PLAN - FAMILY

“is the idea of family culturally determined?”

POINT 1 - conclusive response

no “natural duties” (ann oakley)

A
  • Ann Oakley – concept of biological motherhood is a myth and a way of patriarchal control naturalistic fallacy: simply because women can biologically reproduce does not mean it is necessarily good
  • Many have criticised Church documents such as MD for enforcing backward ideas regarding gender/ family – women are no longer seen as “helpers” and often men choose to stay at home with the children whilst mothers go out to work traditional Biblical ideas have lost their significance in today’s liberal society, and perhaps rightly so
32
Q

ESSAY PLAN - FAMILY

“is the idea of family culturally determined?”

POINT 2 - idea of family is subjective, women must break from societal roles (in actual essay link to beauvoir)

A
  • Women have tacitly accepted “the eternal feminine”: false view that there are essential female characteristics and define a purpose and roles of women in society women are trapped in a “false consciousness”, an illusory and captive view of motherhood and family which has left a woman “riveted to her body” and allowed her to be dominated
  • Women do not have an innate instinct towards being mothers, and only has value if it is a choice made by the woman herself – suggests ideas of family must come only from the individual, not society or God
33
Q

ESSAY PLAN - FAMILY

“is the idea of family culturally determined?”

POINT 2 - counter argument

naturalistic feminism - natural roles which are fulfilling (o’brien)

A
  • Essential human differences between men and women, biological and innate different paths of fulfilment; identify motherhood and reproduction as processes unique to women
  • Mary O’Brien criticises De Beauvoir’s theories on motherhood, arguing they fail to account for the value of children towards women themselves and how they can be empowering, essential and fulfilling
34
Q

ESSAY PLAN - FAMILY

“is the idea of family culturally determined?”

POINT 2 - counter response

not natural phenomenons (firestone)

A

• Shulamith Firestone – the idea of the nuclear family is not a natural phenomenon but a cultural construct developed through patriarchal needs raising children communally would liberate women and remove expectations attached to being male or female

35
Q

ESSAY PLAN - FAMILY

“is the idea of family culturally determined?”

POINT 2 - conclusive response

liberal feminist ideas are destructive (mclanahan)

A
  • Sara McLanahan and Gary Sandefur – indicate children do less well and couples are less happy in blended families (divorce/remarried etc.), single parent and single sex families
  • So, cannot be entirely culturally determined as this causes a breakdown in order and has negative consequences
36
Q

ESSAY PLAN - FAMILY

“is the idea of family culturally determined?”

POINT 3

christian values of agape, biblical values (fletcher)

A
  • Cannot deny that Xn values of loyalty, love, respect are integral to functioning relationships/ families – utilise this aspect of Bible teaching, whilst rejecting idea of “natural” or “normal” families/ gender roles
  • Situation ethics, Joseph Fletcher: follow the biblical teaching of agape, arguing that if people are born homosexual then it follows that loving and successful families straying from the nuclear concept will arise – Jesus himself welcomed those who did not fully conform to society!
37
Q

ESSAY PLAN - FAMILY

“is the idea of family culturally determined?”

POINT 3 - counter argument

historical religion - always brought back to traditional ideas on family (hampson)

A

• (Hampson) “Women will always be disadvantaged in this situation, for that history to which Christians refer is the history of a patriarchal age” – arguably asking too much of Xnity to move away from its traditional, dogmatic ideas of family/ gender

38
Q

ESSAY PLAN - FAMILY

“is the idea of family culturally determined?”

POINT 3- conclusive response

re interpret/develop christianity

A

• Xn message is one of love/ equality – Ruether argues we must look to develop Xn ideas of gender (and also family) in light of new realisations idea of family can still remain Christian whilst taking inspiration from cultural developments

39
Q

ESSAY PLAN - MOTHERHOOD

“is motherhood liberating or restricting?”

POINT 1

liberating,god given duty outlined in bible (mulieris dignitatum)

A
  • Motherhood gives women a unique role within society, Mary illustrates the special value that God places on motherhood for all women – the essence of womanhood in her role of theotoko
  • Mulieris Dignitatem – motherhood enables a women to practice skills of nurturing, care and compassion, allowing them to fulfil their potential in the nurturing of life
40
Q

ESSAY PLAN - MOTHERHOOD

“is motherhood liberating or restricting?”

POINT 1 - COUNTER ARGUMENT

option not a burden (Catholic feminists)

A
  • However, in holding this mindset there is an underlying patriarchal bias which can guilt all women into thinking that if she takes on work outside of the family, she will be a bad mother/wife
  • Catholic feminists – we cannot define women entirely in terms of motherhood, and it should be an option not a burden – a more liberating angle would be to give them the option instead of forcing this passive way of life
41
Q

ESSAY PLAN - MOTHERHOOD

“is motherhood liberating or restricting?”

point 1 - counter response

fulfillment, natural differences between men and women

A
  • But it is far from passive – in its struggles and joys it is part of God’s covenant
  • Motherhood also challenges the man so he can learn from her how to be a good father, as his nature is not so psychologically predisposed to parenthood
  • So, not only is it liberating for women as they can help raise new life, but it also helps man grow
42
Q

ESSAY PLAN - MOTHERHOOD

“is motherhood liberating or restricting?”

POINT 1 - CONCLUSIVE RESPONSE

social control to fulfil needs of patriarchy (firestone)

A

• Shulamith Firestone – the idea of the nuclear family is not a natural phenomenon but a cultural construct developed through patriarchal needs raising children communally would liberate women and remove expectations attached to being male or female

43
Q

ESSAY PLAN - MOTHERHOOD

“is motherhood liberating or restricting?”

POINT 2

restricting christian ideals (de beauvoir)

A
  • Simone De Beauvoir ‘The Second Sex’: Women have tacitly accepted “the eternal feminine”: false view that there are essential female characteristics and define a purpose and roles of women in society women are trapped in a “false consciousness”, an illusory and captive view of motherhood and family which has left a woman “riveted to her body” and allowed her to be dominated
  • Women do not have an innate instinct towards being mothers, and only has value if it is a choice made by the woman herself
44
Q

ESSAY PLAN - MOTHERHOOD

“is motherhood liberating or restricting?”

POINT 2 - COUNTER ARGUMENT

naturalistic feminism (mary o’brien)

A
  • Essential human differences between men and women, biological and innate different paths of fulfilment; identify motherhood and reproduction as processes unique to women
  • Mary O’Brien criticises De Beauvoir’s theories on motherhood, arguing they fail to account for the value of children towards women themselves and how they can be empowering, essential and fulfilling
45
Q

ESSAY PLAN - MOTHERHOOD

“is motherhood liberating or restricting?”

POINT 2 - COUNTER RESPONSE

naturalistic fallacy (ann oakley)

A

• Ann Oakley – concept of biological motherhood is a myth and a way of patriarchal control naturalistic fallacy: simply because women can biologically reproduce does not mean it is necessarily good
CR: LOVE AND PRIDE OF HAVING A FAMILY

46
Q

ESSAY PLAN - MOTHERHOOD

“is motherhood liberating or restricting?”

POINT 2 - CONCLUSIVE RESPONSE

love and pride of family

A

• Yet radical feminists can become so immersed in wanting gender equality that they overlook the essence of parenthood – motherhood, as well as fatherhood, can be a highly rewarding role which can empower a woman by filling her with pride and love…

47
Q

ESSAY PLAN - MOTHERHOOD

“is motherhood liberating or restricting?”

POINT 3

dependet on individual, no ontological significance

A
  • Motherhood has no ontological significance – there is no imperative that parenthood is something adults should aspire to do
  • This is the view of liberal protestants – they acknowledge that not all adults make good parents, however some may find the idea of being a mother liberating
  • But if not, you shouldn’t feel restricted into having to be one
  • More inclined to share Beauvoir’s view that the Church’s motherhood ideal is sometimes a source of false-consciousness
48
Q

ESSAY PLAN - MOTHERHOOD

“is motherhood liberating or restricting?”

POINT 3 - COUNTER ARGUMENT

motherhood as perfect role of women (pope pius)

A
  • But Mary is arguably the perfect version of what a woman should be – symbol of motherhood stereotyped, many secularists are too quick to dismiss the moral and spiritual benefits from being a mother
  • Pope Pius argues a woman’s vocation comes from being a mother – it cannot be something that is a choice
49
Q

ESSAY PLAN - MOTHERHOOD

“is motherhood liberating or restricting?”

POINT 3 - CONCLUSIVE RESPONSE

free choice (daly)

A
  • Many would argue that Mary as a symbol of motherhood is utterly toxic – Daly would say she was a ‘total rape victim’, as she was forcible impregnated by God paints the image that motherhood is therefore something that is involuntarily placed upon women, and that they have no option otherwise
  • This shouldn’t be the case – it should be a fact of whether women wish to be mothers, in which motherhood is then something liberating and if not, it is clearly restrictive, much like any forced occupation

R.S. Theology (12 decks)

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