Topic 9: Ethics Flashcards
1
Q
Who was one of the major founders of the eugenics movement?
A
Francis Galton
2
Q
What are the two types of eugenics?
A
- positive eugenics
- negative eugenics
3
Q
What is positive eugenics?
A
- ‘improvement’ of the human race by encouraging the ones with desirable genetic traits to reproduce
- goal is to increase the trait in a population, promote it
4
Q
What is negative eugenics?
A
- the reduced population and even sterilization of individuals with less desirable or un-desirable genetic traits
- attempting to reduce these unwanted traits in a population
5
Q
What are positive eugenics approaches?
A
- encouraging high-achieving people to have more children
- creating sperm banks and artificial insemination by donors
- egg collection
-embryo donation - genetics engineering
6
Q
What are negative eugenics approaches?
A
- prevention of marriage
- prevention of racial mixing
- institutionalization
- sterilization and castration
- stigmatization
- death
7
Q
Who was Thomas Hunt Morgan? His involvement with eugenics?
A
- sat on the board of the eugenics office
- eventually backed off of eugenics, because he thought the science was not applied right.
8
Q
Who was R.A. Fisher? His involvement in Eugenics
A
- population genetics scientist, core founder of pop genetics.
- incredibly sympathetic to eugenics, and thought it could help the human race
- extreme eugenicist, even in the time period
9
Q
Who was JBS Haldane? His involvement in Eugenics
A
- scientist
- did not support eugenics, didn’t like the science behind it
10
Q
What is “newgenics”?
A
- name given to modern eugenic practices that have emerged in light of new technologies
- refers to ideas and practices that appeal to scientific advances and genetic knowledge with the aim of improving mankind and curing or eliminating genetically based illness
11
Q
Is prenatal testing a form of eugenics?
A
- No, not if we are just considering the test in itself.
- however, if the government forced a mother to abort due to the results of prenatal tests, that is eugenics
12
Q
What is a pangenome?
A
many different genomes from different individuals that represent human diversity
13
Q
What are some major ethical issues in human population genetics today?
A
- not using informed consent when sampling human data
- not working with/collaborating with the community you are sampling from
- unequal proportions/biased samples in genomics
14
Q
What are helicopter/parachute scientists?
A
- when scientists conduct research or deploy programs in other countries and fail to invest in, fully partner with, or recognize local governances, capacity, and social structures
15
Q
What is a major issue in conservation genetics that is often forgotten?
A
- instead of immediately jumping to genetic rescue, have the root causes of decline been addressed?
