Topic 9 Control, Punishment, and Victims Flashcards
Describe situational crime prevention. Who defined it?
Clarke
The pre-emptive approach that looks at home to reduce opportunities to commit crime.
What are the 3 features of situational crime prevention
- Directed at specific crimes
- Managing or altering the immediate environment of the crime
- Increasing risks of crime and reducing the reward
Provide evidence for situational crime.
Felson
New York Bus Terminal toilets were poorly designed, allowing rough sleeping. The toilets were redesigned preventing crime.
What is the criticism for situational crime prevention. Who coined it?
Displacement of crime Chaiken
Criminals operate on rational choice. What would they do if one area has crime prevention measures? They’d move.
What are the 5 forms displacement of crime can take?
Spatial - move elsewhere
Temporal - commit at different time
Target - choose new victim
Tactical - use a different method
Functional - commit a different crime
Explain the idea of Environmental Crime Prevention
Draws from Right Realist views communities need to be kept in order through zero tolerance policies and by maintaining the physical area drawing on Wilson and Kellings broken window theory.
Give evidence for environmental crime prevention
New York implemented zero tolerance policies and cleaned up graffiti.
Between 1993 and 1996, crime fell significantly, and murder fell by 50%
Criticise the New York environment crime prevention evidence
Not clear if environment crime prevention reduced crime or if other factors caused it:
NYPD gained 7 thousand officers
Decrease in cocaine availability
Less unemployment
Explain what social and community crime prevention is.
The aim to remove the conditions which influence people into causing crime.
They are long term strategies that aim to tackle the root cause of offending taking a left realist approach.
Provide evidence that social and community crime prevention works using a theorist.
Perry Pre-school project
Found disadvantaged children are less likely to commit crime when they take part in intellectual enrichment programmes.
What’s the problem with these forms of crime prevention?
They all focus on low level violent crimes overlooking environmental crimes and those done by people in power.
What is another way to control and prevent criminal activity via the monitoring of public behaviour?
Surveillance
Who is known for the birth of the prison?
Foucault created the idea of the Ponoptican which creates a form of self surveillance and discipline.
Criticise Foucaults panoptican using a theorist
He exaggerates the extent of control. Goffman shows some inmates resit control in such controlled environments.
What are the 5 surveillance theories since Foucault
Synoptic surveillance (Mathieson)
Surveillance Assemblages (Haggerty and Erikson)
Labelling and Surveillence (Ditton)
Actuarial Justice (Feeley and Simon)
Social sorting (Lyon)
