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Biol 1030 > Topic 9-14 > Flashcards

Topic 9-14 Flashcards

1
Q

Three main shared characteristics between green algae and land plants

A

Cellulose synthesizing proteins, flagellated sperm structure, and the formation of a cell plate

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2
Q

What phyla of algae is most similar to land plants

A

Charophyta

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3
Q

Five shared derived characteristics of land plants

A

Alternation of generations (haplontic life cycle), Apical meristem, Multicellular gametangia, Walled spores in sporangia, and multicellular dependent embryos

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4
Q

Three plant organ types

A

Stems (Shoots), Leaves, and roots

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5
Q

Plant gametes

A

Antheridium (sperm) and Archegonium (egg)

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6
Q

What process creates plant gametes

A

Mitosis in the gametangia

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7
Q

Spore Creation process

A

Meiosis in the Sporangia

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8
Q

Most abundant plant phyla

A

Anthophyta

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9
Q

Thallus

A

A thallus is an alternate plant body form for plants without organs like Bryophyta and Monilophyta

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10
Q

Plant life cycle order of events

A

Gametophyte, gamete creation, fertilization, zygote, sporophyte, creation of two spores, spores germinate into gametophyte

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11
Q

What are Sporocyte

A

An intermediate between sporangia and sporess

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12
Q

What is germination

A

A spore turning into a gametophyte

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13
Q

Sporopollenin

A

The chemical which the outer protective layer of plant spores are made of

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14
Q

Protonema

A

thread like structures in Bryophyta gametophyte

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15
Q

Three types of tissue

A

Ground tissue, Dermal tissue and vascular tissue

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16
Q

Two types of vascular tissue

A

Xylem and phloem

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17
Q

Type of dermal tissue

A

Waxy cuticle, epidermal secretions

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18
Q

Kind of plants in Monilophyta

A

Ferns, horsetails and whisk ferns

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19
Q

Kind of plants in Bryophyta

A

Mosses

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20
Q

What is another name for monilophyta

A

Seedless vascular plants

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21
Q

What is another name for Bryophyta

A

Non-vascular plant

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22
Q

Dioecious

A

Having a distinct female and male versions separated and on different plants

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23
Q

Heterospory

A

producing both female mega spores and male microspores

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24
Q

Name of a Female Megaspore/gametophyte

A

Ovule

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25
Q

Name of male microspore/gametophyte

A

Pollen grain

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26
Q

Types of plant life span length

A

Annuals (A year), biennials (two years), perennials (Multi - Year)

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27
Q

Gymnosperm

A

Coniferophyta

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28
Q

Angiosperm

A

Anthophyta

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29
Q

Types of Angiosperm

A

Basal angiosperm, Magnoliids, Monocots, Eudicots

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30
Q

What modified leaves make up a flower

A

Sepals, Petals, Stamen and Carpel

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31
Q

What does a stamen consist of

A

Antheridium and Filament

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32
Q

What does carpel consist of

A

Stigma, style, and ovary

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33
Q

What are fronds and fiddle heads

A

Compound sporangia growing leaves in Monilophyta

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34
Q

Special cells in angiosperm megagametophyte

A

Prothallial cell (antipodal), synergids, eggs, polar nuclei

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35
Q

Special cells in angipsperm microgametophyte

A

tube cell and generative cell

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36
Q

Special cells in gymnosperm megagametophyte

A

2 to 6 eggs

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37
Q

Special cells in gymnosperm microgametophyte

A

tube cell, prothallial cells (2), generative cell

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38
Q

Exine coat

A

the exterior coat for seed plant gametophytes

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39
Q

Which plants depend on water to transfer gametes

A

Bryophyta and Monilophyta

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40
Q

How do seed plants transfer gametes

A

Through wind and animals

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41
Q

What does self fertilization do in some flowers

A

Creates incomplete or dimorphism flowers

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42
Q

Types of incomplete flowers

A

Staminate flower (only stamen) and carpellate flowers (only carpel)

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43
Q

Stamen

A

Male reproductive organ in flowers

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44
Q

Carpel

A

Female reproductive organ in flowers

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45
Q

Type of dimorphism flowers

A

Thrum individuals and pin individuals.

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46
Q

What is in the embryo cleavage of an angiosperm

A

Terminal cell (most of the embryo) and Basal Cell (suspensor)

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47
Q

Type of embryonic organs in an angiosperm

A

Cotyledons, Epicotyl (growing SAM), Hypocotyl and Radicle (growing RAM)

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48
Q

What does Hypocotyl do

A

Elongates the embryo

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49
Q

Seed dispersal methods for gymnosperm

A

Seed coat extension and wind

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50
Q

Seed dispersal methods for angiosperm

A

Fruit, water, wind, animals

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51
Q

What is in a seed

A

Embryo (2N) and Endosperm (3N), Seed coat (2N) made of hard sclerenchyma cells

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52
Q

What do cotyledons do

A

Provide nutrients to a plant embryo

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53
Q

What does an endosperm do

A

Store starch, protein, and lipids for an embryo

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54
Q

What causes induced dormancy in seeds

A

Dehydration or temperature, lack of nutrients or oxygen required for germination

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55
Q

Imbibition process

A

Ruptures coat, Radicle emerges, Shoot emerges (epicotyl), cotyledons stay above or below soil

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56
Q

What happens to the radicle and epicotyl after imbibition

A

Radicle and epicotyl turn into meristems which grow produce adult tissues

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57
Q

What causes increase in length

A

Primary growth, Shoot apical meristem and Root apical meristem

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58
Q

What causes increase in girth

A

Secondary growth, Vascular cambium, Cork cambium

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59
Q

What are the functions of roots

A

Anchorage, Absorption, Storage, Transport, Primary root (Embryonic radicle)

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60
Q

Type of root systems

A

Fibrous and Tap

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61
Q

Type of roots

A

Lateral roots and Adventitious roots

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62
Q

Zones of Root Growth

A

Root Cap, Zone of division (Root Apical meristem) and (Meristem cells), Zone of elongation (Pushes root tip), Zone of differentiation (Primary tissues)

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63
Q

What is in a meristem cell

A

Small and Large vacuoles, Solute uptake paths using turgor pressure, breaking cross bridges

64
Q

Cell differentiation

A

Cell specialization occurs at the same time as elongation

65
Q

Turgor Pressure

A

Force exerted by fluid inside the central vacuole of a plant cell against the cell wall

66
Q

Sessile

A

An issue caused by a plants inability to move

67
Q

Modified root functions

A

Support (prop and Buttress roots), Aerial, Storage, Breathing

68
Q

Stem functions

A

Support, transport and photosynthesis

69
Q

Trichomes

A

Small hair like outgrowths on plant epidermis that prevent water loss (through transpiration) and deter herbivores

70
Q

Parts of a stem

A

Terminal bud, Node, Internode and Axillary bud

71
Q

Terminal bud

A

bud located at the tip of a stem responsible for its elongation and development of new leaves and flowers

72
Q

Axillary bud

A

A bud located at the sides of the stem responsible for the development of a branch or shoot

73
Q

Node

A

The point at which a shoot or branch separates from the stem

74
Q

Internode

A

The space in between branches and shoots (between nodes)

75
Q

Zones of Stem growth

A

Zone of division (apical meristem, meristem cells), Zone of elongation (pushes apex up), Zone of differentiation (primary tissues and primordial organs)

76
Q

What is indeterminate growth

A

Growth that has no limit, common in primary growth of sporocytes

77
Q

What is determinate growth

A

Growth that has a limit, common in leaves growth

78
Q

Types of Modified Stems

A

Horizontal, Reduced, Underground, tubers

79
Q

Functions of leaves

A

Photosynthesis, transpiration, gas exchange, reproduction

80
Q

Shoot Apical Meristem

A

The formation of apical meristems (Axillary bud) at nodes, responsible for growing shoots, branches and leaves

81
Q

Midrib/Midvein

A

central vein that runs along the middle of a leaf

82
Q

Midrib function and structure

A

Vascular tissue that transport nutrients and provide structure in a leaf

83
Q

Leaf Blade

A

flat part of a leaf structure where most photosynthesis occurs

84
Q

Leaf components

A

Petiole, blades, Stipules, Axillary bud (between stem and petiole)

85
Q

Two types of leaves

A

Simple Leaves and Compound leaves

86
Q

Petiole

A

connection between leaf and stem

87
Q

Stipules

A

small leaf like structures found at the petiole in some plants

88
Q

Ground tissue in leaves

A

Palisade mesophyll, Spongy mesophyll (air space), sclerenchyma fibers

89
Q

Short Distance nutrient transport route types

A

Symplast route, Apoplast route, Transmembrane route

90
Q

Symplast route

A

Through plasmodesmata not cell wall

91
Q

Apoplast route

A

Through cell wall

92
Q

Transmembrane route

A

From cell to cell

93
Q

Primary active transport (Transmembrane)

A

Proton pumps, membrane potential and pH gradients

94
Q

Secondary active transport (Transmembrane)

A

Electrochemical gradient, Cotransport (neural and charged solutes) gated potassium channels

95
Q

Water potential

A

A measure of both solute concentration and pressure to determine the effect of osmosis and turgor

96
Q

Witling

A

An effect due to turgor loss (water pressure in cells loss)

97
Q

What affects pressure potential

A

Physical pressure and gravity

98
Q

How does solute change water potential

A

More solute means less water potential in that direction

99
Q

Direction of osmosis

A

High concentration to low concentration

100
Q

What part of the cell affects turgor the most

A

The stomata as it opens and closes, letting water in or keeping it out

101
Q

Long distance transport route types

102
Q

Bulk flow

A

movement of a fluid through xylem driven by pressure and root hairs (tracheids)

103
Q

Tracheid

A

Water conducting cell in xylem of vascular plants

104
Q

Endodermis in roots effect on water transport

A

Forces everything into the symplastic route

105
Q

Caspian Strips

A

waxy barriers in the endodermis blocking apoplastic transfer and forcing symplastic transfer

106
Q

Where does transported water in the roots go to

A

Into the vascular cylinder (xylem) transported to other parts of the plant from there

107
Q

What kind of plants is root pressure transport effective for?

A

Smaller herbaceous plants

108
Q

Phloem and xylem transport directions

A

Xylem is root to shoot only but phloem is both ways

109
Q

What is phloem and xylem sap made of

A

Xylem - Water and minerals
Phloem - Photosynthates (glucose, oxygen, atp etc)

110
Q

Where is the endodermis

A

It is the innermost layer of cells in the root cortex

111
Q

How do water and nutrients get to the vascular cylinder

A

Through only symplastic movement due to the Caspian strip

112
Q

Xylem sap transport methods

A

Transpiration, Cohesion, Adhesion

113
Q

Transpiration

A

Process by which water is lost from a plant through the stomata in its leaves, causing a change in pressure that pulls water up

114
Q

Stomata Opening parts

A

Guard cells, Proton pump, Potassium influx, Aquaporins

115
Q

Aquaporins

A

protein that facilitates water movement

116
Q

Phloem transport methods

A

translocation from sugar source to sugar sink

117
Q

Water conservation adaptations

A

Losing leaves (no transpiration), Recess the stomata, Reflect the sun

118
Q

How many essential elements do plants need

119
Q

How much of a plants fresh mass is water

120
Q

Auxin

A

Hormone that promotes cell elongation

121
Q

Auxin functions

A

Growth responses, Pattern development, promoting lateral roots (Root grower), produced in terminal buds

122
Q

Types of Growth responses

A

Phototropism and gravitropism

123
Q

Mineral deficiencies

A

Yellow midribs due to chlorophyll and chlorosis deficiency, Yellow margins due to necrotic tips, and reddish margins due to anthocyanin deficiencyes

124
Q

Deficiencies that affect older more

A

N, P, K, Mg, Cl, Zn, Mo

125
Q

Deficiencies that affect younger more

A

Ca, S, Fe, B, Cu

126
Q

Adaptations for nutrient acquisition

A

Epiphytes (absorb through leaves), Parasites (steal sap by tapping host tissue), Carnivores (eat other niggas cause no nitrogen in soil)

127
Q

Phototropism

A

Growth response to light (going towards light)

128
Q

Gravitropism

A

Growth in direction of gravity (roots go down), facilitated by auxin redistribution, statoliths (heavy starch granules) used to balance, and growth inhibition to not be too long that gravity pulls down (torque)

129
Q

Pattern development

A

Branching pattern, Phyllotaxy

130
Q

Phyllotaxy

A

arrangement of leaves on a stem

131
Q

Induction of cell elongation process

A

Membrane proton pumps, cell wall acidification, Expansin activation, Wall enzyme activation, Cell wall loosening

132
Q

Cytokinin

A

Compounds that stimulate cell division and are produced in root apical meristems and embryos/fruits (Stem Grower)

133
Q

Cytokinin : Auxin ratio

A

More cytokinin = shoot develops, more Auxin = root develops

134
Q

Apical dominance

A

A balance of two hormones

135
Q

Gibberellins

A

stimulate fruit growth, stem elongation and mainly germination

136
Q

Abscisic Acid

A

Slows growth and keeps seeds dormant

137
Q

Ethylene

A

Stress response hormone induced by auxin can cause senescence (programmed death) and fruit ripening

138
Q

Mechanical stress response

A

Triple response (when growing into an obstacle), Ethylene production, and morphological changes to avoid obstacles

139
Q

Senescence maintenance

A

maintained by balance between auxin and ethylene, when to die causes cell wall breakdown and cork layer scar, and ion reclamation (ions are stored in parenchyma)

140
Q

Etiolation

A

energy allocation for growth in the dark

141
Q

Nucleariids

A

Fungal sister taxa

142
Q

Fungal cell walls

A

made of chitin

143
Q

Fungal carb storage

A

glycogen instead of starch

144
Q

Fungal spore germination

A

spores germinate into mycelium (1N) which makes more spores that then germinate again, some spores fuse with other spores to make a new heterokaryotic stage fungus

145
Q

Fungus life cycle

A

Heterokaryotic stage to Karyogamy (fused nuclei), making a zygote which undergos meiosis making spores, spores germinate into mycelium which makes more spores that also germinate causing a loop, some spores leave and fuse with an outside spore to make a new heterokaryotic stage

146
Q

Hyphae

A

Branches in fungi, Tubular, Branched, Septate, Coenocytic

147
Q

Fruiting body of fungi

A

Seasonal structure and spore dispersal

148
Q

Fungi type

A

Parasitic or predatory

149
Q

5 fungi clade

A

Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, glomeromycotan, Zygomycota, Chytridiomycota

150
Q

Major fungi clades

A

Ascomycota (biggest), Basidiomycota (sister taxa)

151
Q

Chytridiomycota

A

Aquatic, flagellated, unicellular or colonial

152
Q

Colonial

A

fungi that exist as a group of interconnected cells rather than as a single individual cell

153
Q

Zygomycota

A

Some molds, coenocytic hyphae, asexual and sexual, favor asexual in good environments, black bread mold is one, make two mycelia

154
Q

glomeromycotan

A

(Arbuscular mycorrhizae) Mutualistic relationship guy, with 80% of plants, very small

155
Q

Ascomycota

A

Largest phyla, sac fungi, ascocarp fruiting bodies and ascospore, have septate hyphae, weird complicated life cycle

156
Q

Basidiomycota

A

Club fungi also septate hyphae like Ascomycota, decompose wood, only sexual

157
Q

Lichens

A

Symbioses between Mycobiont and photobiont, (fungi and alga/cyanobacteria)

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