Topic 9-14 Flashcards
1
Q
Three main shared characteristics between green algae and land plants
A
Cellulose synthesizing proteins, flagellated sperm structure, and the formation of a cell plate
2
Q
What phyla of algae is most similar to land plants
A
Charophyta
3
Q
Five shared derived characteristics of land plants
A
Alternation of generations (haplontic life cycle), Apical meristem, Multicellular gametangia, Walled spores in sporangia, and multicellular dependent embryos
4
Q
Three plant organ types
A
Stems (Shoots), Leaves, and roots
5
Q
Plant gametes
A
Antheridium (sperm) and Archegonium (egg)
6
Q
What process creates plant gametes
A
Mitosis in the gametangia
7
Q
Spore Creation process
A
Meiosis in the Sporangia
8
Q
Most abundant plant phyla
A
Anthophyta
9
Q
Thallus
A
A thallus is an alternate plant body form for plants without organs like Bryophyta and Monilophyta
10
Q
Plant life cycle order of events
A
Gametophyte, gamete creation, fertilization, zygote, sporophyte, creation of two spores, spores germinate into gametophyte
11
Q
What are Sporocyte
A
An intermediate between sporangia and sporess
12
Q
What is germination
A
A spore turning into a gametophyte
13
Q
Sporopollenin
A
The chemical which the outer protective layer of plant spores are made of
14
Q
Protonema
A
thread like structures in Bryophyta gametophyte
15
Q
Three types of tissue
A
Ground tissue, Dermal tissue and vascular tissue
16
Q
Two types of vascular tissue
A
Xylem and phloem
17
Q
Type of dermal tissue
A
Waxy cuticle, epidermal secretions
18
Q
Kind of plants in Monilophyta
A
Ferns, horsetails and whisk ferns
19
Q
Kind of plants in Bryophyta
A
Mosses
20
Q
What is another name for monilophyta
A
Seedless vascular plants
21
Q
What is another name for Bryophyta
A
Non-vascular plant
22
Q
Dioecious
A
Having a distinct female and male versions separated and on different plants
23
Q
Heterospory
A
producing both female mega spores and male microspores
24
Q
Name of a Female Megaspore/gametophyte
A
Ovule
25
Name of male microspore/gametophyte
Pollen grain
26
Types of plant life span length
Annuals (A year), biennials (two years), perennials (Multi - Year)
27
Gymnosperm
Coniferophyta
28
Angiosperm
Anthophyta
29
Types of Angiosperm
Basal angiosperm, Magnoliids, Monocots, Eudicots
30
What modified leaves make up a flower
Sepals, Petals, Stamen and Carpel
31
What does a stamen consist of
Antheridium and Filament
32
What does carpel consist of
Stigma, style, and ovary
33
What are fronds and fiddle heads
Compound sporangia growing leaves in Monilophyta
34
Special cells in angiosperm megagametophyte
Prothallial cell (antipodal), synergids, eggs, polar nuclei
35
Special cells in angipsperm microgametophyte
tube cell and generative cell
36
Special cells in gymnosperm megagametophyte
2 to 6 eggs
37
Special cells in gymnosperm microgametophyte
tube cell, prothallial cells (2), generative cell
38
Exine coat
the exterior coat for seed plant gametophytes
39
Which plants depend on water to transfer gametes
Bryophyta and Monilophyta
40
How do seed plants transfer gametes
Through wind and animals
41
What does self fertilization do in some flowers
Creates incomplete or dimorphism flowers
42
Types of incomplete flowers
Staminate flower (only stamen) and carpellate flowers (only carpel)
43
Stamen
Male reproductive organ in flowers
44
Carpel
Female reproductive organ in flowers
45
Type of dimorphism flowers
Thrum individuals and pin individuals.
46
What is in the embryo cleavage of an angiosperm
Terminal cell (most of the embryo) and Basal Cell (suspensor)
47
Type of embryonic organs in an angiosperm
Cotyledons, Epicotyl (growing SAM), Hypocotyl and Radicle (growing RAM)
48
What does Hypocotyl do
Elongates the embryo
49
Seed dispersal methods for gymnosperm
Seed coat extension and wind
50
Seed dispersal methods for angiosperm
Fruit, water, wind, animals
51
What is in a seed
Embryo (2N) and Endosperm (3N), Seed coat (2N) made of hard sclerenchyma cells
52
What do cotyledons do
Provide nutrients to a plant embryo
53
What does an endosperm do
Store starch, protein, and lipids for an embryo
54
What causes induced dormancy in seeds
Dehydration or temperature, lack of nutrients or oxygen required for germination
55
Imbibition process
Ruptures coat, Radicle emerges, Shoot emerges (epicotyl), cotyledons stay above or below soil
56
What happens to the radicle and epicotyl after imbibition
Radicle and epicotyl turn into meristems which grow produce adult tissues
57
What causes increase in length
Primary growth, Shoot apical meristem and Root apical meristem
58
What causes increase in girth
Secondary growth, Vascular cambium, Cork cambium
59
What are the functions of roots
Anchorage, Absorption, Storage, Transport, Primary root (Embryonic radicle)
60
Type of root systems
Fibrous and Tap
61
Type of roots
Lateral roots and Adventitious roots
62
Zones of Root Growth
Root Cap, Zone of division (Root Apical meristem) and (Meristem cells), Zone of elongation (Pushes root tip), Zone of differentiation (Primary tissues)
63
What is in a meristem cell
Small and Large vacuoles, Solute uptake paths using turgor pressure, breaking cross bridges
64
Cell differentiation
Cell specialization occurs at the same time as elongation
65
Turgor Pressure
Force exerted by fluid inside the central vacuole of a plant cell against the cell wall
66
Sessile
An issue caused by a plants inability to move
67
Modified root functions
Support (prop and Buttress roots), Aerial, Storage, Breathing
68
Stem functions
Support, transport and photosynthesis
69
Trichomes
Small hair like outgrowths on plant epidermis that prevent water loss (through transpiration) and deter herbivores
70
Parts of a stem
Terminal bud, Node, Internode and Axillary bud
71
Terminal bud
bud located at the tip of a stem responsible for its elongation and development of new leaves and flowers
72
Axillary bud
A bud located at the sides of the stem responsible for the development of a branch or shoot
73
Node
The point at which a shoot or branch separates from the stem
74
Internode
The space in between branches and shoots (between nodes)
75
Zones of Stem growth
Zone of division (apical meristem, meristem cells), Zone of elongation (pushes apex up), Zone of differentiation (primary tissues and primordial organs)
76
What is indeterminate growth
Growth that has no limit, common in primary growth of sporocytes
77
What is determinate growth
Growth that has a limit, common in leaves growth
78
Types of Modified Stems
Horizontal, Reduced, Underground, tubers
79
Functions of leaves
Photosynthesis, transpiration, gas exchange, reproduction
80
Shoot Apical Meristem
The formation of apical meristems (Axillary bud) at nodes, responsible for growing shoots, branches and leaves
81
Midrib/Midvein
central vein that runs along the middle of a leaf
82
Midrib function and structure
Vascular tissue that transport nutrients and provide structure in a leaf
83
Leaf Blade
flat part of a leaf structure where most photosynthesis occurs
84
Leaf components
Petiole, blades, Stipules, Axillary bud (between stem and petiole)
85
Two types of leaves
Simple Leaves and Compound leaves
86
Petiole
connection between leaf and stem
87
Stipules
small leaf like structures found at the petiole in some plants
88
Ground tissue in leaves
Palisade mesophyll, Spongy mesophyll (air space), sclerenchyma fibers
89
Short Distance nutrient transport route types
Symplast route, Apoplast route, Transmembrane route
90
Symplast route
Through plasmodesmata not cell wall
91
Apoplast route
Through cell wall
92
Transmembrane route
From cell to cell
93
Primary active transport (Transmembrane)
Proton pumps, membrane potential and pH gradients
94
Secondary active transport (Transmembrane)
Electrochemical gradient, Cotransport (neural and charged solutes) gated potassium channels
95
Water potential
A measure of both solute concentration and pressure to determine the effect of osmosis and turgor
96
Witling
An effect due to turgor loss (water pressure in cells loss)
97
What affects pressure potential
Physical pressure and gravity
98
How does solute change water potential
More solute means less water potential in that direction
99
Direction of osmosis
High concentration to low concentration
100
What part of the cell affects turgor the most
The stomata as it opens and closes, letting water in or keeping it out
101
Long distance transport route types
Bulk flow
102
Bulk flow
movement of a fluid through xylem driven by pressure and root hairs (tracheids)
103
Tracheid
Water conducting cell in xylem of vascular plants
104
Endodermis in roots effect on water transport
Forces everything into the symplastic route
105
Caspian Strips
waxy barriers in the endodermis blocking apoplastic transfer and forcing symplastic transfer
106
Where does transported water in the roots go to
Into the vascular cylinder (xylem) transported to other parts of the plant from there
107
What kind of plants is root pressure transport effective for?
Smaller herbaceous plants
108
Phloem and xylem transport directions
Xylem is root to shoot only but phloem is both ways
109
What is phloem and xylem sap made of
Xylem - Water and minerals
Phloem - Photosynthates (glucose, oxygen, atp etc)
110
Where is the endodermis
It is the innermost layer of cells in the root cortex
111
How do water and nutrients get to the vascular cylinder
Through only symplastic movement due to the Caspian strip
112
Xylem sap transport methods
Transpiration, Cohesion, Adhesion
113
Transpiration
Process by which water is lost from a plant through the stomata in its leaves, causing a change in pressure that pulls water up
114
Stomata Opening parts
Guard cells, Proton pump, Potassium influx, Aquaporins
115
Aquaporins
protein that facilitates water movement
116
Phloem transport methods
translocation from sugar source to sugar sink
117
Water conservation adaptations
Losing leaves (no transpiration), Recess the stomata, Reflect the sun
118
How many essential elements do plants need
17
119
How much of a plants fresh mass is water
80-90%
120
Auxin
Hormone that promotes cell elongation
121
Auxin functions
Growth responses, Pattern development, promoting lateral roots (Root grower), produced in terminal buds
122
Types of Growth responses
Phototropism and gravitropism
123
Mineral deficiencies
Yellow midribs due to chlorophyll and chlorosis deficiency, Yellow margins due to necrotic tips, and reddish margins due to anthocyanin deficiencyes
124
Deficiencies that affect older more
N, P, K, Mg, Cl, Zn, Mo
125
Deficiencies that affect younger more
Ca, S, Fe, B, Cu
126
Adaptations for nutrient acquisition
Epiphytes (absorb through leaves), Parasites (steal sap by tapping host tissue), Carnivores (eat other niggas cause no nitrogen in soil)
127
Phototropism
Growth response to light (going towards light)
128
Gravitropism
Growth in direction of gravity (roots go down), facilitated by auxin redistribution, statoliths (heavy starch granules) used to balance, and growth inhibition to not be too long that gravity pulls down (torque)
129
Pattern development
Branching pattern, Phyllotaxy
130
Phyllotaxy
arrangement of leaves on a stem
131
Induction of cell elongation process
Membrane proton pumps, cell wall acidification, Expansin activation, Wall enzyme activation, Cell wall loosening
132
Cytokinin
Compounds that stimulate cell division and are produced in root apical meristems and embryos/fruits (Stem Grower)
133
Cytokinin : Auxin ratio
More cytokinin = shoot develops, more Auxin = root develops
134
Apical dominance
A balance of two hormones
135
Gibberellins
stimulate fruit growth, stem elongation and mainly germination
136
Abscisic Acid
Slows growth and keeps seeds dormant
137
Ethylene
Stress response hormone induced by auxin can cause senescence (programmed death) and fruit ripening
138
Mechanical stress response
Triple response (when growing into an obstacle), Ethylene production, and morphological changes to avoid obstacles
139
Senescence maintenance
maintained by balance between auxin and ethylene, when to die causes cell wall breakdown and cork layer scar, and ion reclamation (ions are stored in parenchyma)
140
Etiolation
energy allocation for growth in the dark
141
Nucleariids
Fungal sister taxa
142
Fungal cell walls
made of chitin
143
Fungal carb storage
glycogen instead of starch
144
Fungal spore germination
spores germinate into mycelium (1N) which makes more spores that then germinate again, some spores fuse with other spores to make a new heterokaryotic stage fungus
145
Fungus life cycle
Heterokaryotic stage to Karyogamy (fused nuclei), making a zygote which undergos meiosis making spores, spores germinate into mycelium which makes more spores that also germinate causing a loop, some spores leave and fuse with an outside spore to make a new heterokaryotic stage
146
Hyphae
Branches in fungi, Tubular, Branched, Septate, Coenocytic
147
Fruiting body of fungi
Seasonal structure and spore dispersal
148
Fungi type
Parasitic or predatory
149
5 fungi clade
Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, glomeromycotan, Zygomycota, Chytridiomycota
150
Major fungi clades
Ascomycota (biggest), Basidiomycota (sister taxa)
151
Chytridiomycota
Aquatic, flagellated, unicellular or colonial
152
Colonial
fungi that exist as a group of interconnected cells rather than as a single individual cell
153
Zygomycota
Some molds, coenocytic hyphae, asexual and sexual, favor asexual in good environments, black bread mold is one, make two mycelia
154
glomeromycotan
(Arbuscular mycorrhizae) Mutualistic relationship guy, with 80% of plants, very small
155
Ascomycota
Largest phyla, sac fungi, ascocarp fruiting bodies and ascospore, have septate hyphae, weird complicated life cycle
156
Basidiomycota
Club fungi also septate hyphae like Ascomycota, decompose wood, only sexual
157
Lichens
Symbioses between Mycobiont and photobiont, (fungi and alga/cyanobacteria)
