Topic 8: Pre-Communitarian stage Flashcards
Integration and disintegration in Europe (WWI)
WWI (1914-18)
* Attempt to overcome political + economic nationalisms * Europe as a solution: development of a European idea
Paneuropa from Coudenhove-Kalergi
Count R. Coundenhove-Kalergi (CK). Creates the Paneuropean Union in 1922 (idealist). He published the book “Paneuropa” (1923)
- First split: State vs. Religion / Second split: State vs. Nation / Creation of an “European Nation” / Europe-USA relation
- Stages of the Integration process:
- Paneuropean conference
- Arbirtation agreements
- Customs Union
- Creation of the United States of Europe
First Paneuropean Congress
(Vienna, 1926)
Delegates from all European continental countries except UK and USSR. Proposal for the division of the world in 5 geopolitical blocs.
- Good reception of Paneuropean idea among intellectuals: publication of books about United States of Europe or European federalism.
- In 1965, Coudenhove-Kalergi breaks with the Paneuropean Union and supports De Gaulle
Aristide Briand (federated Europe)
- French FA Minister since 1925 and Honorary President of Paneuropean Union (1927)
- drafts a Memorandum about the European Federal Union (1930).
Federated Europe
- Locarno treaties (1925)
- core of peace in Europe: the relation between France + Germany - can only be achieved within an organized Europe.
- 3 axis of a Federated Europe
- League of Nations orders Briand to draft Memorandum.
- League creates a Study Commission for the European union (so can develop Memorandum).
- Failure of the project at 1930s
European movement during WWII
unity + federalism
- Franco-British Union (1940)
- European Federalist Movement (1943) – Altiero Spinelli and the Ventotene Manifesto for the unity of free European peoples (1941)
- Manifesto of the European Resistance signed by 9 states (1944, Geneva)
The United States of Europe (1946)
- 1946: Churchill delivers speech at Zurich University: proposes the creation of a Council of Europe that would lead the future United of States of Europe
- basis of this whole process is Franco-German reconciliation.
- role of UK in this process? “With Europe, but not of it”.
- Cleavage between unionist and federalists.
- Zurich speech - seen as an addition to the Fulton speech.
The Hague Congress (1948)
“Congress of Europe” (1948)
convened by the International Committee of the Movements for European Unity. Under the honorary presidency of Churchill, 800 personalities attended from 20 countries and all political families (except Communists)
Goal: European unity as a solution to past conflicts
International Committee of the Movements for European Unity becomes the European Movement (1948)
The Hague Congress
Triple divide:
(1948)
- Nacional vs. regional
- Federalism vs. Unionism
- Transnationalism vs. Nationalism
The Hague Congress
Three committees adopt 3 resolutions:
(1948)
Economic and Social Committee: customs union + monetary union + coordinating legislation
Political Committee: European Assembly + Human Rights Charter + Court of Justice
Cultural Committee: European Cultural Centre
Council of Europe (1949)
London, 1949:
group of states adhere to liberal democracy & political pluralism. Headquarters in Strasbourg.
- 10 Founding members
Locarno treaties
1925
group of several treaties in which Germany, France, Belgium, UK and Italy guaranteed the maintenance of peace in Western Europe.
fulton speech 1946
“iron curtain” speech
Cold war
Churchill condemns the Soviet Union’s policies in Europe and declares, “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent.”
what is the 3 axis of a Federated Europe?
solidarity, security and economic association
