Topic 8 - Globalisation, Green Crime, and State Crime Flashcards
1
Q
Globalisation
A
- HELD
- The widening, deepening, and speeding up of worldwide inter connectedness in all aspects of life, cultural to the criminal, the financial to the spiritual
2
Q
Causes of globalisation
A
- Spread of ICT
- Influence of global mass media
- Cheap air travel
- Deregulation of financial markets and opening up competition
- Easier movement so businesses can easily relocate
3
Q
The global criminal economy
A
- HELD = globalisation of crime which is the interconnectedness of crime against national borders (transnational organised crime)
- CASTELLS crime operates on the same basis as any legitimate business e.g., cyber crime, money laundering, and trafficking in body parts
- Supply and demand with demand from rich western countries
4
Q
Transnational corporations
A
- Switch their manufacturing to low wage countries
- Produces job insecurities
- Unemployment
- Poverty
5
Q
Marketisation
A
- Led to individual consumers which has undermined social cohesion - less concerned with outlook of others
- Increasing materialistic culture promoted by the global media portrayed success in terms of lifestyle consumption (LEFT REALISTS)
- Leads poorer people to turn to crime e.g., LA de-industrialisation has led to drug gangs increasing
6
Q
Criminal opportunities
A
- Globalisation has created criminal opportunities for more elite groups in society who manipulate the deregulation of financial markets = movement of money around the globe = avoid paying tax
- Enables criminal organisations to launder money easily through overseas banks and businesses
- Led to new patterns of opportunity
- Recruiting flexible workers has allowed for illegal workers to be recruited (breaches of health and safety and paid below minimum wage )
7
Q
A03 Patterns in crime
A
- Does not adequately explain how the changes make people turn to crime e.g., not all poor people commit crime
8
Q
Crimes of globalisation
A
- ROTHE and FRIEDRICHS = International Monetary Fund and World Bank
- These organisations are dominated by major capitalist states such as the USA
- RWANDA = caused unemployment in the 1980s and created an economic base for the 1994 genocide
- CAIN = cause widespread both directly and indirectly
9
Q
Patterns of criminal organisations
A
- HOBBS and DUNNIGHAM argues crime is a ‘glocal’ system which involves networks of both legitimate and illegitimate opportunity structures across the globe
- Crime involves individuals with contacts acting as a ‘hub’ around by a loose network forms
- The changes associated with globalisation have led to a move away from the old hierarchal gang structure to loose networks
10
Q
Drug trafficking
A
- Locally based with global connections
1 Zone of production = Asia and South America
2 Zone of distribution = Africa and the Eastern world
3 Zone of consumption - Western world
11
Q
A03 HOBBS and DUNNINGHAM
A
- It is not clear that these patterns are new or that the old structure has disappeared
- It may be that they both co-exist and always have done
- This is symbolic of post-modernism = crime becomes a highly non-generalisable concept
12
Q
McMafia
A
- GLENNY = organisations that emerged in Russia and Eastern Europe after the fall of communism and refers to transnational organised crime
13
Q
Russian mafia
A
- The state regulated the price of everything = when communism collapsed the government deregulated most sectors of their economy (except from oil)
- Bought oil pipelines and sold for a profit - new capitalist class = OLIGARCHS
- Russian mafia used as protection rackets and made violent threats
14
Q
Global risk consciousness
A
- Knowledge about risk comes from the media = distort the dangers we Dave and as a result cause moral panics
15
Q
Green crime
A
- Crimes against the environment
- The planet is a single-ecosystem and harming one place of the world effects another e.g., pollution in one country can turn into acid rain in another
16
Q
Global risk society and the environment
A
- BECK argues in late modernity we can now provide adequate resources for all
- Created ‘manufactured risks’ (dangers we have never failed before)
e.g., Mozambique 2010 - global warming caused hottest heatwave in 100 years = wildfires = 30% cost increase in bread = increase in crime
17
Q
Traditional criminologists
A
- SITU and EMMONS ‘an unauthorised act or omission that violates the law’
- Focuses on the patterns and causes of law breaking
- Clearly defined subject
18
Q
A03 Traditional criminologists
A
- Accepting the official definitions of environmental problems and crimes which are often shaped by powerful groups
- Subjective
19
Q
Green criminology
A
- Takes a radical approach starting from the notion of harm rather harm criminal law
- WHITE argues the attention of criminology should be any action that harms the physical environment and or human or non-human animals with it, even if the law has not been broken
- A from of transgressive criminology = oversteps the boundaries of traditional criminology to include new issues = zemiology (the study of harms)
- Similar to Marxism = crimes of the powerful
20
Q
Types of harm
A
- WHITE
1 Anthropocentric harm - human centred view of environmental harm, generally adopted by nation states and transnational corporations who assume humans have the right to dominate the natural environment - it puts economic growth before environmental harm
2 Ecocentric harm - sees humans and their environment as inter-dependent and that environmental harm hurts humans as well - green criminologists adopt this view
21
Q
Types of green crime
A
- SOUTH (primary crimes)
1 Crimes of air pollution
2 Crimes of deforestation
3 Crimes of species decline and animal rights
4 Crimes of water pollution
22
Q
Crimes of air pollution
A
- Burning fossil fuels from industry and transport adds 6 million tons of carbon to the atmosphere every year
23
Q
Crimes of deforestation
A
- In the Amazon, forest has been cleared to rear beef cattle for export
24
Q
Crimes of species decline and animal rights
A
- Crimes such as dog-fighting are increasing
