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Chemistry becca > Topic 8 Fuels And Earth Science > Flashcards

Topic 8 Fuels And Earth Science Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a fuel?

A

Something that can be burnt to release heat and light energy.

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2
Q

What are the three main types of fuels?

A

OIL, GAS, COAL AND WOOD

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3
Q

What is crude oil? (Consistency e.t.c)

A

Crude oil is a thick, black, viscous liquid that floats on water. It needs to be separated to be useful

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4
Q

What is it crude oil mixture of?

A

Hydrocarbons, chains and rings

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5
Q

Many of the hydrocarbons in crude oil belong to a family or……

A

Homologous series of alkanes.

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6
Q

Alkanes are types of what?

A

Hydrocarbons

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7
Q

What are alkanes made up of?

A

Hydrogen and Carbon

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8
Q

Carbon atoms will make 4 bonds hydrogen atoms will make 1 bond. True or false?

A

True

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9
Q

Alkanes are fully saturated, what does this mean?

A

All of the bonds (all 4) from the carbon are being used.

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10
Q

What is the process used to separate Crude Oil?

A

Fractional distillation

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11
Q

Each fraction of crude oil contains hydrocarbons with similar numbers of what? What else is similar?

A

Carbons and their boiling points are also similar.

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12
Q

State the fractions of crude oil in order. Use the acronym

A 
GLAMOROUS     GAS 
PEOPLE                 PETROL
KEEP                       KEROSENE
DOGS                    DIESEL
FOR                        FUEL OIL
BABIES                 BITUMEN
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13
Q

Properties of hydrocarbons with long chain lengths

A

Higher boiling points (stronger inter-molecular force & more bonds to break)

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14
Q

Properties of hydrocarbons with short chain lengths

A

Lower boiling points (weaker inter molecular force- less bonds to break)

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15
Q

What is inter molecular force?

A

The attraction between two of the same molecules near each other.

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16
Q

What type of hydrocarbons condense where in the fraction column?

A

Similar hydrocarbons with higher boiling points condense at the bottom of the colomn & ones with lower boiling points at the top

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17
Q

Is crude oil a compound, mixture or element?

A

Its a mixture

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18
Q

Properties of fractions: what is viscosity? (Its a physical change)

A

The thickness of a substance (runny.)

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19
Q

Properties of fractions: what is volatility? (It is a physical change)

A

Tendency of a substance to evaporate at room temp

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20
Q

Properties of fractions: what is Boiling point? (physical change )

A

The temperature at which a substance will evaporate.

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21
Q

Properties of fractions: What is ease of ignition? (Chemical change)

A

How easily something catches fire

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22
Q

Are fractions with higher numbers of atoms at the top or bottom of the column?

A

Bottom highest, top lowest

23
Q

Are fractions with the highest boiling points at the top or the bottom of the column?

A

Higher BP at bottom(bitumen), lower BP at top (gas)

24
Q

Are fractions that ignite the easiest at the top or bottom of the column?

A

Fractions at the top ignite easiest

25
Q

Are the most viscous substances at the top or bottom of the column?

A

Viscous substances at the bottom, less viscous substances at the top.

26
Q

Are fractions with higher volatility going to be at the top or bottom of the column?

A

Higher at the top, lower at the bottom

27
Q

Alkane homologous series, state properties of long chain hydrocarbons:

A
  • does not flow well as they are very thick and viscous
  • They are less flammable
  • have a higher boiling point (liquids / solids at room temp)
  • less volatile (does not turn into a gas easily)
28
Q

Alkane homologous series: short chain hydrocarbons

A
  • not viscous (quite runny)
  • quite flammable
  • low boiling point (liquid or gas at room temp)
  • quite volatile (will evaporate)
29
Q

What is the name for an alkane with 1 carbon?

A

Methane

30
Q

What is the name for an alkane with 2 carbons?

A

Ethane

31
Q

What is the name for an alkane with 3 carbons?

A

Propane

32
Q

What is the name for an alkane with 4 carbons?

A

Butane

33
Q

What is the name for an alkane with 5 carbons?

A

Pentane

34
Q

What is the name for an alkane with 6 carbons?

A

Hexane

35
Q

What is the acronym for remembering alkane prefixes?

A 
MOKEYS
EAT
PINK 
BANANAS
PENTAGON
HEXAGON
METH
ETH
PROP
BUT
PENT
HEX
36
Q

Formula for working out if a hydrocarbon is an alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

37
Q

Do alkanes have single bonds?

A

Yes

38
Q

What is incomplete combustion:

A

Incomplete combustion happens when there is a limited supply of oxygen

39
Q

What products are made during incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

A
  • water
  • carbon monoxide (CO)
  • carbon particulates
  • energy
40
Q

How are the products of incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon made?

A

Low levels of oxygen means that the hydrogen and carbon atoms in the fuels can only be partially broken
(Some carbon atoms are released as soot and smoke cause no oxidation happens)

41
Q

Why is carbon monoxide dangerous?

A
  • its colourless and odourless (can’t tell if its there)
  • tasteless
  • dense so it sinks
  • nearer where people sleep
42
Q

Why is carbon monoxide toxic?

A
  • Cuts off oxygen supply to the haemoglobin (binds with it in red blood cells)
  • stops oxygen binding
  • stops respiration
  • people go unconscious
43
Q

Burning fossil fuels gives off sulphur and nitrogen gases.

A

Sulphur dioxide + water -> sulphurous acid

44
Q

BASHO

A

Base+Acid ->salt+water

45
Q

MASH

A

Metal+ Acid -> salt + hydrogen

46
Q

CASHOCO

A

Carbonate + Acid -> Salt + water + carbon dioxide

47
Q

What is cracking

A

Cracking involves the breaking down of larger. Saturated hydrocarbon molecules (alkanes) into smaller, more useful ones some of which are unsaturated (alkenes)

48
Q

Eg
Heat
heptane —

A

:)

49
Q

Acid Rain: health problems it can cause….

A
  • Bronchitis and emphasising the symptoms of asthma.

- worsen respiratory diseases, and make it hard to breathe for people with asthma and bronchitis.

50
Q

What causes acid rain and its health affects

A

Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, creating tiny partickes which can get into peoples lungs.

51
Q

What is a solution to the acid rain problem???

A

Lessen the production of harmful gases

  • use catalytic converters in cars
  • reduce energy consumption and burning of fossil fuels.
  • reduce the amount of sulphur in fuels by investing in science.
  • Invest in renewable energy.
52
Q

HYDROGEN: what makes a good fuel.

A

A ffordable
C lean
E asy to transport.

53
Q

State some advantages of burning fossil fuels…

A
  • produces a lot of energy
  • relatively easy to source and transport
  • works all the time (e.g all year round)
  • affordable
54
Q

State some disadvantages of burning fossil fuels….

A
  • pollution (CO2, methane e.c.t)
  • non renewable
  • leads to global warming

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