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Text and Speech Analytics > Topic 8: Foundation of speech processing > Flashcards

Topic 8: Foundation of speech processing Flashcards

1
Q

Speech Production

A

sound produced by pushing air out of the lungs

when exhaled, pass through trachea and larynx where it can be influences by the vibration of the vocal cords..also called vocal folds..gap between vocal folds is called glottis

the air then passes through pharyngeal cavity (throat) and finally to oral or nasal cavity

after that depends on articulators: velum, tongue, lips, and jaw

vocal tract is the connected passages that starts from larynx and include pharynx, oral cavity and nasal cavity

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2
Q

Larynx model

A

memorize this

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3
Q

Speech production diagram

A 
soft palate
hard palate
nasal cavity
nostril
lip
tongue
pharyngeal cavity
larynx
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4
Q

Human articulator

A

described the principle parts of

  • upper surface of vocal tract
  • lower surface of vocal tract
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5
Q

aveolar ridge

A

small protuberance that you can feel with the tip of the tongue when
you slide it from the upper teeth backwards

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6
Q

hard palate

A

the front part of the roof of the mouth formed by a bony structure

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7
Q

soft palate

A

located further back at the back of the mouth, a muscular flap
that can be raised to press against the back wall of the pharynx and to form “velic closure”
which prevents the air escaping through the nose when producing nasal sounds

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8
Q

uvula

A

small appendage hanging down at the lower end of soft palate

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9
Q

pharynx

A

part of vocal tract between uvula and larynx

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10
Q

larynx

A

houses vocal cord

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11
Q

Tongue label

A 
blade
front of tongue
center of tongue
back of tongue
root
epiglottis
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12
Q

recap speech production

A

components required

  • airstream mechanism
  • state of vocal cords
  • velum position
  • place of articulation
  • manner of articulation
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13
Q

airstream mechanism

A

provide source of energy to generate speech sounds using airflow and pressure in the vocal tract

there are 4 types based on where the airflow is initiated and the direction

  • in the lungs
  • at velum
  • at glottis (outward) breath out
  • at glottis (inward) breath in
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14
Q

state of vocal cords

A

the state distinguish between voiced and voiceless

voiceless - vocal cord held wide apart, air passes directly through the glottis

voiced - vocal cord brought close together but not tightly closed. air passing between cords causing vibration of the cords

  • vibration are far too fast to be seen with naked eye
  • vibration average 130/s for male, 230/s for female
  • longer and larger cords produce slower vibration
  • all vowels are voiced
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15
Q

Velum position

A

allows us to distinguish between nasal or oral sounds

oral sound produced when velum is raised so that there is a velic closure and air prevented from escaping through nose.

nasal sound is when velum is lowered. air goes through the nose.

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16
Q

Place of articulation

A

consontant is formed due to the airstream obstruction in the vocal tract.

Consonants are classified depending on the place and manner of this
obstruction known as place and manner of articulation.

Place of articulations refers to the horizontal relationship between the
articulators

lips - labial
tongue tip and blade - coronal
back of tongue - dorsal

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17
Q

labial: labial

A

formed by upper and lower lip

eg /b/ /p/ /m/

18
Q

labial: labiodental

A

/f/ pronounced using upper teeth and lower lip

19
Q

coronal: dental

A

tongue placed against teeth

thigh, father

20
Q

coronal: post-dental

A

produced using tip of tongue and upper teeth and area just behind them

21
Q

aveolar

A

place of articulation is aveolar ridge and tip of tounge is active articulator
eg /r/ /s/ /z/

22
Q

post-aveolar

A

place of articulation is front of hard palate and blade of tounge is the active articulator
eg, shrew measure

23
Q

palato-aveolar

A

place of articulation is down behind the lower front teeth or at the back of the aveolar ridge..blade is always placed close to the back part of aveolar ridge

eg sigh, sea, sew

24
Q

palatal

A

the place of articulation is at the hard palate and the front of the
tongue is the active articulator

yacht, yawn

25
Q

Retroflex:

A

the place of articulation is at the back of the alveolar ridge and
the tip of the tongue is the active articulator.

not used in english speech

26
Q

dorsal: velar

A

the place of articulation is at velum (soft palate) and back of the
tongue is the active articulator

eg
hack hag hang

27
Q

dorsal: uvular

A

are formed by the back of the tongue and uvula. Not use in

English

28
Q

pharyngeal

A

tongue root and pharynx wall

29
Q

glottal

A

vocal cords are the active and passive articulator

30
Q

Manner of articulation

A 
oral sounds
nasal sounds
stops
fricatives
affricatives
liquids
glides
approximant
aspiration
31
Q

vowel articulation

A

articulated with an open
approximation i.e. the articulators are
positioned relatively wide apart so that the
airstream flows unobstructed through the oral
cavity

important features of vowels

  • horizontal and vertical position of tongue
  • degree of lip rounding
32
Q

Consonants and Vowels

A

consonant is a speech sound that is
articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract

Vowel is the speech sound that is produced without any obstruction
on the vocal tract

33
Q

Consonant: Plosive

A

Plosive: a momentary blockage of the vocal tract, which can optionally followed by a release burst

Example of plosives are: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/

Duration of the blockage usually between 50-100 ms

34
Q

Consonant: Fricative

A

Fricative: a narrow constriction maintained somewhere in the vocal
tract. When air passes through the constriction noise is resulted

Fricative can be classified as voiced and voiceless

35
Q

Consonants: Nasal

A

the nasal consonants are produced with closure of the oral cavity
and radiation of the sound through the nasal cavity

36
Q

FEATURES OF VOWELS

A

Monophthongs

Diphthongs

Tense and lax vowels

nasal vowels

37
Q

IPA chart

A

remember the vowels

38
Q

Transcription

A

method that employs a standard spelling system using existing symbols of each target language

orthographic transcription
phonemic transcription
phonetic transcription

39
Q

Phonemic vs Phonetic transcription

A

Phonemic transcription
• The representation of the phonemes to which allophones belong
• Symbols are enclosed in square brackets [ ]
• Phonemic transcription is a type of broad transcription, that is, a transcription that
shows an absence of phonetic detail
• The value of symbols (phonemic alphabet) used in phonemic transcription is
idiosyncratic and differs from language to language

Phonetic transcription
• The representation of predictable variants of allophones
• Symbols are enclosed in double slash / /
• Phonetic transcription is a type of narrow transcription, that is, a transcription
which contains a certain amount of phonetic detail
• The phonetic alphabet is universal

40
Q

studies of speech sounds: phonetics and phonology

A

phonetics is a study of production, transmission and reception of speech sounds.

  • articulary phonetics
  • auditory phonetics
  • acoustic phonetics

phonology is a study of how sounds are organized and used in natural language
phonological system of a language includes inventory of sounds, the features and rules specifying how sounds interact with each other

can be divided into

  • segmental phonology
  • suprasegmental phonology
41
Q

Phoneme

A

smallest unit of speech that distinguish meaning

give example

  • not universal but specific to language
  • divided into consonants and vowels
  • abstract units
42
Q

Allophones

A

predictable phonetic variants of a phoneme. actual pronounciation of those abstract units in different context.

Text and Speech Analytics (11 decks)

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