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Biology yr11 > Topic 8 Exchange And Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Topic 8 Exchange And Transport In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do waste products need to be removed from the body?

A

To stop them from accumulating and becoming toxic.
Urea needs to be removed as it becomes toxic
Carbon dioxide needs to be removed as it can build up and dissolve into the blood causing it to become acidic

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2
Q

Name and explain a exchange surface (lungs)

A

The lungs -
oxygen is transferred to the blood and carbon dioxide is transferred to the lungs.
This takes place across the surface of millions of air sacs called alveoli which are covered in tiny capillaries which supply the blood.

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3
Q

Why is having a larger surface area an adaptation that helps make diffusion more efficient?

A

The greater the surface area, the more particles can move through, resulting in a faster rate of diffusion.

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4
Q

Why is having a thin membrane an adaptation that helps make diffusion more efficient?

A

Having a thin membrane provides a short diffusion pathway, allowing the process to occur faster

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5
Q

How is ventilation an adaptation that helps make diffusion more efficient?

(Having an efficient blood supply)

A

Being ventilated helps create a steep concentration gradient, allowing diffusion to happen faster

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6
Q

How is the concentration gradient maintained in the lungs?

A

The lungs constantly supply oxygen to make the blood from alveoli capillaries oxygenated, by exchanging it for carbon dioxide that can be breathed out. This constant process means that the concentration gradient is always steep.

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7
Q

What is surface area?

A

V

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8
Q

How is surface area to volume ratio calculated?

A

(length x width x height) : (length x width)

= simplify to smallest whole number ratio

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9
Q

The greater the surface area to volume ratio,

A

The better adapted the organism is for diffusion. ( it can take in more nutrients and expel more waste products efficiently )

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10
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Alveoli are the small ‘air sacs’ in the lungs.

They are surrounded by blood vessels with thin walls, allowing gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.

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11
Q

Name three adaptations that help make diffusion more efficient?

A

Having a large surface area

Having a thin membrane

Being ventilated / having an efficient blood supply

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12
Q

Alveoli allow the gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.
How are alveoli adapted to carry out this function?

A

Alveoli are very small and arranged in clusters - creating a large surface area for diffusion to take place over.

The capillaries provide a large blood supply - maintaining the concentration gradient

The walls of the alveoli are very thin - meaning there is a short diffusion pathway.

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13
Q

Name the three factors that can affect diffusion:

A

Concentration gradient

Temperature

Surface area of the membrane

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14
Q

How does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The greater difference in concentration, the faster the rate of diffusion.

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15
Q

How does the temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The greater the temperature, the greater the movement of particles, resulting in more collisions and therefore a faster rate of diffusion.

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16
Q

How does the surface area of the membrane affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The greater the surface area, the more space for particles to move through, resulting in a faster rate of diffusion.

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17
Q

How do you calculate the rate of diffusion?

A

Rate of diffusion =

surface area x concentration difference
———————————————
Thickness of membrane

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18
Q

What four things make up the blood?

A

Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

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19
Q

What are platelets?

A

Play

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20
Q

What is plasma?

A

Plasma is a liquid that carries the components in the blood.

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21
Q

Name the components in the plasma?

A 
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Glucose
Amino acids 
Carbon dioxide 
Urea 
Hormones
Proteins
Antibodies
Antitoxins
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22
Q

Features of red blood cells:

A

They carry molecules from the lungs to all the cells in the body.

Their biconcave disc shape provides a large surface area.
They have no nucleus allowing more space for oxygen.
They contain the red pigment haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen and forms oxyhemoglobin.

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23
Q

Features of white blood cells:

A

They are part of the immune system, which is the bodies defence against pathogens.

They have a nucleus.
There are two types:
Lymphocytes-
Produces antibodies
Phagocytes-
Engulfs and digests pathogens
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24
Q

Features of platelets:

A

They help the body clot form at the side of a wound.

The clot dries and hardens to form a scab, which allows new skin to grow underneath while preventing microorganisms from entering.
No nucleus.
Made of small fragments of cells.
Prevents cuts from excessive bleeding and bruising.

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25
Q

What are the three blood vessels found in the body?

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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26
Q

The structure and function of Arteries:

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

Layers of muscle in the walls make them stronger.
Elastic fibres allow them to stretch.
This helps the vessels withstand the high pressure created by the pumping of the heart.

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27
Q

The structure and function of veins:

A

Veins carry blood towards the heart.

The lumen ( the tube in which blood flows through ) is wide to allow the low pressure blood to flow through.
They have valves to ensure the blood flows in the right direction.
28
Q

The structure and function of capillaries:

A

Capillaries allow the blood to flow very close to cells to enable substances to move between them.

One cell thick walls create a short diffusion pathway.
Permeable walls so substances can move across them.

29
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

The circulatory system carries oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body and removes waste products.

30
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

The heart pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system. This means there are two circuits.

31
Q

What are the two circuits of the heart?

A
  1. ) Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium and then into the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs to undergo gaseous exchange.
  2. ) Oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium and then into the left ventricle which pumps oxygenated blood around the body.
32
Q

Describe the structure of the heart:

A

Muscular walls to provide a strong heart beat.
The muscular wall of the left ventricle is thicker because the blood needs to be pumped all around the body rather than just to the lung like the right ventricle.
4 chambers that separate the oxygenated blood from the deoxygenated blood.
Valves to make sure the blood does not flow backwards.
Coronary arteries cover the heart to provide its own oxygenated blood supply.

33
Q

Why is the muscle of the left ventricle much thicker than that of the right?

A

The muscular wall of the left ventricle is thicker because the blood needs to be pumped all around the body rather than just to the lung like the right ventricle.

34
Q

Explain the process of blood flow in the circulatory system:

A
  1. ) blood flows into the right atrium through the vena cava, and the left atrium through the pulmonary vein.
  2. ) the aria contract forcing the blood into the ventricle.
  3. ) the ventricles then contract, pushing the blood in the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery to be taken to the lungs, and blood in the left ventricle to the aorta to be taken around the body.
  4. ) As this happens, valves close to make sure blood does not flow backwards.
35
Q

What is the resting heart rate?

A

The rating heart rate is around 70 beats per minute.

36
Q

What is the role of the pacemaker?

A

The pacemaker help provide a stimulation through small electrical impulses which pass as a wave across the heart muscle, causing it to contract. Without this, the heart would not pump fast enough to deliver the required amount of oxygen to the whole body.

37
Q

What are pacemakers?

A

Pacemakers control the natural resting heart rate. The pacemakers are a group of cells found in the right atrium.

38
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker?

A

An artificial pacemaker can be used if the individual has an irregular heartbeat. It is an electrical device that produces a signal causing the heart to beat at a normal speed.

39
Q

What is respiration?

A

Respiration is the process of transferring to energy from glucose so living processes can occur.

40
Q

aerobic respiration?

A

This uses oxygen.
It yields most energy.
Most of the reactions that make up aerobic respiration happens in the mitochondria.

41
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6 H12 O6 + O2 > CO2 + H2O

C6 H12 O6 - Glucose
O2 - Oxygen
CO2 - Carbon dioxide
H2O - Water

42
Q

Anaerobic respiration?

A

Occurs when there is not enough oxygen.

It does not yield as much energy as aerobic respiration.

43
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Glucose (C6 H12 O6) > Lactic acid.

44
Q

What is the equation for measuring cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = Stroke x heart rate.

45
Q

What type of reaction is respiration?

A

It is an exothermic reaction that releases

energy in the form of heat

46
Q

Where do plants get the glucose required for

respiration?

A

They produce their own glucose during

photosynthesis.

47
Q

Where do animals get the glucose required for

respiration?

A

From the breakdown of carbohydrates

that they have ingested

48
Q

When may anaerobic respiration take place in

human cells?

A

During vigorous exercise

49
Q

When may anaerobic respiration take place in plant

cells?

A

If the soil becomes waterlogged

50
Q

Why may anaerobic respiration in muscle cells

eventually stop?

A

Lactic acid build-up inhibits anaerobic

respiration

51
Q

What are the symptoms of lactic acid build-up?

A

Cramp and fatigue

52
Q

Is aerobic or anaerobic respiration more efficient?

Explain why

A

Aerobic respiration is more efficient as it
produces more molecules of ATP than
anaerobic respiration.

53
Q

Why do large multicellular organisms require

specialised exchange surfaces?

A

● Small SA/V ratio
● Diffusion insufficient to provide all cells with the required
oxygen and nutrients, and to remove all waste products
● Exchange surfaces increase rate of diffusion and shorten
diffusion distance

54
Q

Why do some multicellular organisms
(e.g. trees) not require specialised
exchange surfaces?

A

Trees have a large number of leaves
which provide a large SA/V ratio for
diffusion.

55
Q

How does the size of an organism affect its surface

area to volume ratio?

A

The larger the organism, the smaller the

SA/V ratio.

56
Q

Calculate the surface area to volume

ratio of a cube that is 1 × 1 × 1 cm

A

Surface area: (1 × 1) × 6 = 6 cm2
Volume: 1 × 1 × 1 = 1 cm3
Surface area : Volume = 6:1

57
Q

Calculate the surface area to volume

ratio of a cuboid that is 2 × 3 × 4 cm

A

Surface area:
2(2 × 3) + 2(2 × 4) + 2(4 × 3) = 52 cm2
Volume: 2 × 3 × 4 = 24 cm3
Surface area : Volume = 52:24 = 13:6

58
Q

Name some of the substances transported into and

out of the human body

A 
● Oxygen
● Carbon dioxide
● Water
● Dissolved food molecules
● Urea
59
Q

How does oxygen enter and carbon

dioxide leave cells?

A

They diffuse into and out of cells.

60
Q

How does water enter cells?

A

It diffuses into cells by osmosis.

61
Q

How do food molecules and mineral ions

enter cells?

A

They are dissolved in water which

diffuses into cells.

62
Q

Why must urea be excreted from the body?

A

It is a waste product so must be

excreted.

63
Q

How is urea excreted from the body?

A

● Urea diffuses out of cells into the blood plasma
● The kidney filters urea out of the blood
● Urea is excreted in urine

64
Q

Why must the human body exchange oxygen and

carbon dioxide with the environment?

A

● Oxygen is required for respiration so diffuses
into the body
● Carbon dioxide is a toxic waste product of
respiration so diffuses out of the body

65
Q

How does oxygen enter and carbon dioxide leave the bloodstream?

A 
● Oxygen diffuses from air in the alveoli (high O2
 conc)
into blood in the capillaries (low O2
 conc)
● Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood in the capillaries
(high CO2
 conc) into air in the alveoli (low CO2
 conc)
66
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange? (6)

A

● Large surface area
● Network of capillaries provide a good blood supply
● Rapid blood flow maintains a steep concentration gradient
● Thin walls give a short diffusion distance
● Cell walls have partially permeable membranes enabling diffusion
● Moist lining, enables gases to dissolve

67
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion? (3)

A

● Diffusion distance
● Concentration gradient
● Surface area

Biology yr11 (5 decks)

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