topic 8 - exchange and transport in animals Flashcards
what is the function of platelets?
help blood clot
how are platelets adapted to their function?
small fragments of cells, no nucleus, help blood clot at a wound to stop blood pouring out and micro organisms getting in, lack of platelets causes excessive bleeding and bruising
what is the function of plasma?
carried everything in blood such as: red and white blood cells and platelets nutrients like glucose and amino acids carbon dioxide from organs to lungs urea from liver to kidneys hormones proteins antibiotics and antitoxins produced by the white blood cells
what is a red blood cells function?
carrying oxygen from lungs to cells in the body
how is a red blood cell adapted for its function?
biconcave disc shape so larger surface area for absorbing oxygen, no nucleus allows more room for carrying oxygen, contains red pigment called haemoglobin
what is a white blood cells function?
defends against infections
how is a white blood cell adapted for its function?
lymphocytes - produce antibodies against microorganisms
phagocytes - changes shape to engulf the unwelcome microorganisms
when you have an infection you white blood cells multiply
what is the equation for aerobic respiration?
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
what is the equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?
glucose -> lactic acid
what is the equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?
glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
what factors affect rate of diffusion?
surface area
concentration gradient
diffusion distance
how do you calculate stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output?
cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
what is cellular respiration?
an exothermic reaction which occurs continuously in living cells to release energy for metabolic processes, including aerobic and anaerobic respiration
what is the need for exchange of surfaces and a transport system in a multicellular organism?
to supply the necessary materials and to get rid of waste products from that organism
how are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange by diffusion between air in the lungs and blood in the capillaries?
thin walls - one cell thick, gases with a short diffusion distance can diffuse
moist walls - gases dissolve in moisture, helping them pass through the gas exchange surface
permeable walls - allows gases to pass through
