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GCSE - Biology > Topic 8 - Exchange And Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Exchange And Transport In Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration?

A

Process that releases energy in form of ATP from breakdown of organic compounds (eg glucose)

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2
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
Short term energy store in cells
Energy carrier

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3
Q

Why must respiration occur continuously in living cells?

A

ATP required for many essential processes in living cells

Movement, active transport…

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4
Q

What type of reaction is respiration?

A

Exothermic - releases energy in form of heat

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5
Q

Where do plants get the glucose required for respiration?

A

Produce their own glucose during photosynthesis

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6
Q

Where do animals get glucose required for respiration?

A

From breakdown of carbohydrates they have ingested

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7
Q

What are the two types of respiration

A

Anaerobic and aerobic

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8
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

Respiration in the presence of oxygen

Forms ATP from breakdown of glucose

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9
Q

Word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water (+ATP)

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10
Q

Symbol equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ATP)

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11
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration that takes place without oxygen

Forms ATP from breakdown of glucose

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12
Q

When may anaerobic respiration take place in human cells

A

During vigorous exercise

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13
Q

When may anaerobic respiration take place in plant cells

A

If soil becomes waterlogged

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14
Q

Write word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscle cells

A

Glucose -> lactic acid (+ATP)

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15
Q

Why may anaerobic respiration in muscle cells eventually stop

A

Lactic acid build up inhibits anaerobic respiration

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16
Q

What are symptoms of lactic acid build up

A

Cramp and fatigue

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17
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells

A

Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ATP)

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18
Q

Is aerobic or anaerobic respiration more efficient? Why?

A

Aerobic because it produces more molecules of ATP than anaerobic respiration

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19
Q

What is the circulatory system

A

Network of organs and vessels

Enables blood flow and transport of oxygen/carbon dioxide/other molecules around body

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20
Q

What are the main components of blood

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

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21
Q

What are red blood cells also known as

A

Erythrocytes

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22
Q

What’s the function of red blood cells

A

Transport oxygen from lungs to tissues

Transport carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

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23
Q

How do red blood cells transport oxygen to body cells

A

Lungs - haemoglobin in red blood cells binds with oxygen (form oxyhemoglobin)
Tissues - oxyhemoglobin breaks down to form hemoglobin and oxygen (diffuses into cells)

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24
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to their function

A

Biconcave disk - large SA/V ratio (increase diffusion rate)
No nucleus - more space for hemoglobin molecules
Small and flexible - squeeze through capillaries
Thin - short diffusion distance

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25
What’s the function of white blood cells
Provide immunological protection
26
Name two types of white blood cell
Phagocytes | Lymphocytes
27
What are phagocytes
Type of white blood cell | Engulf pathogens and digest them in a process called phagocytosis
28
What are lymphocytes
Type of white blood cell Produce antibodies specific to pathogen Produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins
29
What’s the function of platelets
Role in blood clotting
30
What is plasma
Pale yellow liquid portion of blood | Contains protein, nutrients, waste products, hormones, antibodies etc
31
How is plasma adapted to its function
Consists mainly of water - acts as solvent enabling transport of materials around body
32
What are the three main types of blood vessel
Arteries Capillaries Veins
33
What’s the function of arteries
Carry blood away from heart under high pressue
34
Describe how the arteries are adapted to their function (6)
Narrow lumen maintain high pressure Thick wall to withstand high pressure Thick layer of smooth muscle provide strength Thick layer of elastic fibres allow stretch and recoil Smooth inner lining reduce friction No valves
35
What’s the function of veins
Return blood to heart under low pressure
36
Describe how veins are adapted to their function (4)
Large lumen eases blood flow Thin wall as blood at low pressure Thin layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibres Valves prevent back flow of blood
37
What’s the function of capillaries
Allow the exchange of materials at tissues
38
Describe how capillaries are adapted to their function
Form large network - greater SA for diffusion Walls one cell thick - short diffusion distance Walls permeable allowing exchange of substances Narrow lumen decrease diffusion distance
39
Describe double circulatory system in humans
Blood flows through the heart twice in 2 circuits: Pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit
40
What is the pulmonary circuit
Part of circulatory system involving right side of heart Deoxygenated blood transported to lungs Gas exchange occurs between alveoli and capillaries Oxygenated blood returned to left side of heart
41
What’s the systemic circuit
Part of circulatory system involving left side of heart Oxygenated blood pumped to tissues and organs around body Exchange of materials occurs at tissues Deoxygenated blood returns to right side of heart
42
Name the 4 chambers of heart
Left atrium Left ventricle Right atrium Right ventricle
43
Describe the pathway of blood around the body naming structures of heart
Pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - body - vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs
44
Why is the left ventricle thicker then the right ventricle
It pumps blood a further distance | It must generate greater force of contraction so blood can pump at higher pressure
45
What’s the function of valves in the heart
Prevent backflow of blood
46
What is cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute
47
What’s stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped out of the heart in one contraction/beat
48
What is heart rate
Number of time the heart contracts in one minute
49
How do you calculate cardiac output
HR x SV = CO (cm3 min-1)
50
Why do large multicellular organisms require specialised exchange surfaces
Small SA/V ratio Diffusion insufficient to provide all cells with required oxygen and nutrients + remove all waste products Exchange surfaces increase rate of diffusion and shorten diffusion distance
51
Why do some multicellular organisms (eg trees) not require specialised exchange surfaces
Trees have a large number of leaves which provide a large SA/V ratio for diffusion
52
How does the size of an organism affect its SA/V ratio
The larger the organism, the smaller the SA to Vol ratio
53
Calculate the surface area to volume ratio of a cube that is 1x1x1cm
``` SA = 6cm2 Vol = 1cm3 SA:V = 6:1 ```
54
Name some of the substances transported into and out of the human body
Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water Urea
55
How does oxygen enter and carbon dioxide leave cells
Diffusion
56
How does water enter cells
Osmosis
57
How do food molecules and mineral ions enter cells
They are dissolved in water which diffuses into cells
58
Why must urea be excreted from the body
It’s a waste product so must be excreted
59
How is urea excreted from the body
Urea diffuses out of cells into blood plasma Kidney filters urea out of blood Urea is excreted in urine
60
Why must the human body exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment
Oxygen is required for respiration so diffuses into the body | Carbon dioxide is a toxic waste product of respiration so diffuses out of body
61
How does oxygen enter and carbon dioxide leave the bloodstream
Oxygen diffuses from air in alveoli into blood in capillaries (high to low O2 concentration) Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood in capillaries into air in alveoli (high to low CO2 concentration)
62
How are alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange (6)
Large surface area Network of capillaries provide good blood supply Rapid blood flow maintains steep concentration gradient Thin walls give short diffusion distance Cell walls have partially permeable membranes enabling diffusion Moist lining enables gases to dissolve
63
What factors affect the rate of diffusion
Diffusion distance Concentration gradient Surface area
64
How does diffusion distance affect the rate of diffusion
Greater diffusion distance means molecules have to travel further so slower rate of diffusion
65
How does concentration gradient affect rate of diffusion
Steeper concentration gradient means faster rate of diffusion
66
How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion
Larger surface area means more molecules can diffuse across in a given time so faster rate of diffusion
67
How is rate of diffusion calculated
Using Fick’s Law: Rate of diffusion = (surface area x concentration gradient) / thickness of membrane

GCSE - Biology (7 decks)

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