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GCSE - Biology > Topic 8 - Exchange And Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Exchange And Transport In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

Process that releases energy in form of ATP from breakdown of organic compounds (eg glucose)

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2
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
Short term energy store in cells
Energy carrier

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3
Q

Why must respiration occur continuously in living cells?

A

ATP required for many essential processes in living cells

Movement, active transport…

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4
Q

What type of reaction is respiration?

A

Exothermic - releases energy in form of heat

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5
Q

Where do plants get the glucose required for respiration?

A

Produce their own glucose during photosynthesis

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6
Q

Where do animals get glucose required for respiration?

A

From breakdown of carbohydrates they have ingested

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7
Q

What are the two types of respiration

A

Anaerobic and aerobic

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8
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

Respiration in the presence of oxygen

Forms ATP from breakdown of glucose

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9
Q

Word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water (+ATP)

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10
Q

Symbol equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ATP)

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11
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration that takes place without oxygen

Forms ATP from breakdown of glucose

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12
Q

When may anaerobic respiration take place in human cells

A

During vigorous exercise

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13
Q

When may anaerobic respiration take place in plant cells

A

If soil becomes waterlogged

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14
Q

Write word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscle cells

A

Glucose -> lactic acid (+ATP)

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15
Q

Why may anaerobic respiration in muscle cells eventually stop

A

Lactic acid build up inhibits anaerobic respiration

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16
Q

What are symptoms of lactic acid build up

A

Cramp and fatigue

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17
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells

A

Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ATP)

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18
Q

Is aerobic or anaerobic respiration more efficient? Why?

A

Aerobic because it produces more molecules of ATP than anaerobic respiration

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19
Q

What is the circulatory system

A

Network of organs and vessels

Enables blood flow and transport of oxygen/carbon dioxide/other molecules around body

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20
Q

What are the main components of blood

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

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21
Q

What are red blood cells also known as

A

Erythrocytes

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22
Q

What’s the function of red blood cells

A

Transport oxygen from lungs to tissues

Transport carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

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23
Q

How do red blood cells transport oxygen to body cells

A

Lungs - haemoglobin in red blood cells binds with oxygen (form oxyhemoglobin)
Tissues - oxyhemoglobin breaks down to form hemoglobin and oxygen (diffuses into cells)

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24
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to their function

A

Biconcave disk - large SA/V ratio (increase diffusion rate)
No nucleus - more space for hemoglobin molecules
Small and flexible - squeeze through capillaries
Thin - short diffusion distance

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25
Q

What’s the function of white blood cells

A

Provide immunological protection

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26
Q

Name two types of white blood cell

A

Phagocytes

Lymphocytes

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27
Q

What are phagocytes

A

Type of white blood cell

Engulf pathogens and digest them in a process called phagocytosis

28
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

Type of white blood cell
Produce antibodies specific to pathogen
Produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins

29
Q

What’s the function of platelets

A

Role in blood clotting

30
Q

What is plasma

A

Pale yellow liquid portion of blood

Contains protein, nutrients, waste products, hormones, antibodies etc

31
Q

How is plasma adapted to its function

A

Consists mainly of water - acts as solvent enabling transport of materials around body

32
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessel

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

33
Q

What’s the function of arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart under high pressue

34
Q

Describe how the arteries are adapted to their function (6)

A

Narrow lumen maintain high pressure
Thick wall to withstand high pressure
Thick layer of smooth muscle provide strength
Thick layer of elastic fibres allow stretch and recoil
Smooth inner lining reduce friction
No valves

35
Q

What’s the function of veins

A

Return blood to heart under low pressure

36
Q

Describe how veins are adapted to their function (4)

A

Large lumen eases blood flow
Thin wall as blood at low pressure
Thin layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibres
Valves prevent back flow of blood

37
Q

What’s the function of capillaries

A

Allow the exchange of materials at tissues

38
Q

Describe how capillaries are adapted to their function

A

Form large network - greater SA for diffusion
Walls one cell thick - short diffusion distance
Walls permeable allowing exchange of substances
Narrow lumen decrease diffusion distance

39
Q

Describe double circulatory system in humans

A

Blood flows through the heart twice in 2 circuits:
Pulmonary circuit
Systemic circuit

40
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit

A

Part of circulatory system involving right side of heart
Deoxygenated blood transported to lungs
Gas exchange occurs between alveoli and capillaries
Oxygenated blood returned to left side of heart

41
Q

What’s the systemic circuit

A

Part of circulatory system involving left side of heart
Oxygenated blood pumped to tissues and organs around body
Exchange of materials occurs at tissues
Deoxygenated blood returns to right side of heart

42
Q

Name the 4 chambers of heart

A

Left atrium
Left ventricle
Right atrium
Right ventricle

43
Q

Describe the pathway of blood around the body naming structures of heart

A

Pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - body - vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs

44
Q

Why is the left ventricle thicker then the right ventricle

A

It pumps blood a further distance

It must generate greater force of contraction so blood can pump at higher pressure

45
Q

What’s the function of valves in the heart

A

Prevent backflow of blood

46
Q

What is cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute

47
Q

What’s stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped out of the heart in one contraction/beat

48
Q

What is heart rate

A

Number of time the heart contracts in one minute

49
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output

A

HR x SV = CO (cm3 min-1)

50
Q

Why do large multicellular organisms require specialised exchange surfaces

A

Small SA/V ratio
Diffusion insufficient to provide all cells with required oxygen and nutrients + remove all waste products
Exchange surfaces increase rate of diffusion and shorten diffusion distance

51
Q

Why do some multicellular organisms (eg trees) not require specialised exchange surfaces

A

Trees have a large number of leaves which provide a large SA/V ratio for diffusion

52
Q

How does the size of an organism affect its SA/V ratio

A

The larger the organism, the smaller the SA to Vol ratio

53
Q

Calculate the surface area to volume ratio of a cube that is 1x1x1cm

A 
SA = 6cm2
Vol = 1cm3
SA:V = 6:1
54
Q

Name some of the substances transported into and out of the human body

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Water
Urea

55
Q

How does oxygen enter and carbon dioxide leave cells

A

Diffusion

56
Q

How does water enter cells

A

Osmosis

57
Q

How do food molecules and mineral ions enter cells

A

They are dissolved in water which diffuses into cells

58
Q

Why must urea be excreted from the body

A

It’s a waste product so must be excreted

59
Q

How is urea excreted from the body

A

Urea diffuses out of cells into blood plasma
Kidney filters urea out of blood
Urea is excreted in urine

60
Q

Why must the human body exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment

A

Oxygen is required for respiration so diffuses into the body

Carbon dioxide is a toxic waste product of respiration so diffuses out of body

61
Q

How does oxygen enter and carbon dioxide leave the bloodstream

A

Oxygen diffuses from air in alveoli into blood in capillaries (high to low O2 concentration)
Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood in capillaries into air in alveoli (high to low CO2 concentration)

62
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange (6)

A

Large surface area
Network of capillaries provide good blood supply
Rapid blood flow maintains steep concentration gradient
Thin walls give short diffusion distance
Cell walls have partially permeable membranes enabling diffusion
Moist lining enables gases to dissolve

63
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion

A

Diffusion distance
Concentration gradient
Surface area

64
Q

How does diffusion distance affect the rate of diffusion

A

Greater diffusion distance means molecules have to travel further so slower rate of diffusion

65
Q

How does concentration gradient affect rate of diffusion

A

Steeper concentration gradient means faster rate of diffusion

66
Q

How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion

A

Larger surface area means more molecules can diffuse across in a given time so faster rate of diffusion

67
Q

How is rate of diffusion calculated

A

Using Fick’s Law:

Rate of diffusion = (surface area x concentration gradient) / thickness of membrane

GCSE - Biology (7 decks)

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