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Chemistry paper 2 > Topic 8 > Flashcards

Topic 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds that only contain hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

What is crude oil

A

A complex mixture of hydrocarbons

A finite resource

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3
Q

Where is crude oil found?

A

Under the sea and ground

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4
Q

What does finite mean

A

It will run out, using more than it is formed

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5
Q

How is crude oil separated.

A

fractional distillation

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6
Q

How does the process of fractional distillation of crude oil work?

A

Crude oil is vaporised before entering fractional column.
It is hot at the bottom, cooler at the top, different vapours condense at different temperatures, depending on boiling points.
Hydrocarbons with low boiling points will be tapped off at the top while high boiling points will be tapped off at the bottom.

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7
Q

Why is crude oil separated.

A

It’s not very useful.

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8
Q

gas is a fraction of crude oil, what is its uses.

A

Domestic heating and cooking

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9
Q

What fraction of crude oil is used for cars.

A

Petrol (gasoline)

Diesel (less common)

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10
Q

Kerosene is a fraction of crude oil, what is its uses.

A

Aircraft fuel

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11
Q

Diesel oil is a fraction of crude oil, what is its uses.

A

Fuels for some cars and trains

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12
Q

What fraction of crude oil is used for road surfacing and roofs.

A

Bitumen

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13
Q

Fuel oil is a fraction of crude oil, what is its uses.

A

Fuel for large ships or power stations.

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14
Q

Where in fractioning column do the highest viscosity condense.

A

At the bottom like bitumen

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15
Q

Properties of fractions at the top of the column.

A

Low boiling point
Low viscosity
Easy to ignite
Shorter carbon chains

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16
Q

What is the homologous series.

A

series of compounds with:

same general formula
similar chemical properties
slight variation in physical properties.

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17
Q

products from crude oil mostly belong to which homologous series.

A

Alkane homologous series

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18
Q

Products of complete combustion of hydrocarbon

A

Water and carbon dioxide

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19
Q

True or false, energy is give out in complete combustion.

A

TRUE

20
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur.

A

Not enough oxygen

needs excess oxygen

21
Q

Products of incomplete combustion.

A

soot
carbon monoxide
water

22
Q

Problems with carbon monoxide

A

Toxic gas

Colourless and odourless, stops oxygen being able to be carried by red bloods cells in body.

23
Q

Problems with incomplete combustion.

A

Releases soot, causes respiratory problems and global dimming.
Produces carbon monoxide which could be fatal if breathed in.

24
Q

Why is sulfur dioxide sometimes being produced with burning of hydrocarbons.

A

some hydrocarbons contain sulfur impurities which when burned reacts with oxygen to from sulfur dioxide.

25
Q

How is acid rain produced

A

Sulfur dioxide formed when combusting impure hydrocarbons) react with water to form sulfuric acid which rains.

26
Q

Acid rain problems

A

Corrodes buildings made out of limestone.
Lowers pH of water killing organisms
Damages vegetation

27
Q

How are oxides of hydrogen from a car engine produced.

A

High pressure and temp in engine causes oxygen and nitrogen to react together.

28
Q

Problems with oxides of nitrogen

A

Pollutants
Respiratory problems
Acid rain

29
Q

Advantages of hydrogen fuel in cars

A

Releases more energy per kg than most other fuels.
Renewable source as extracted from water
No pollutants, only produces water.

30
Q

Disadvantages of hydrogen fuel in cars

A

Expensive for energy for electrolysis of water to get hydrogen.

Dangerous as very volatile and very easy to ignite.

31
Q

What is cracking.

A

Breaking down larger hydrocarbons into smaller more useful ones.
Saturated alkanes are cracked into shorter chain alkanes and short chain unsaturated alkenes

32
Q

what do the terms saturated and unsaturated mean.

A

Saturated - contains only single bonds.

Unsaturated - contains some C=C double bonds.

33
Q

What type of reaction is cracking

A

Thermal decomposition

34
Q

Why is cracking necessary

A

Demand for shorter chain alkanes and alkenes is a lot larger than long chain alkanes.

35
Q

What produced the gases that formed earths early atmosphere.

A

Volcanic activity

36
Q

Describe how earths early atmosphere formed.

A

Initially molten and no atmosphere.
Cooling caused land masses to solidify
Volcanos formed on land masses and released gases that formed early atmosphere.

37
Q

What was earths early atmosphere thought to contain?

A

Little or no oxygen
Lots of carbon dioxide.
Water vapour
Small amounts of other gases.

38
Q

How did oceans initially form

A

water vapour condensed

39
Q

How did the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decrease after oceans formed.

A

Carbon dioxide dissolved in the oceans, so amount in atmosphere decreased.

40
Q

How did the oxygen in the earths early atmosphere increase.

A

Growth of early plants used carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and released oxygen. This increased oxygen in the atmosphere but decreased carbon dioxide.

41
Q

What are greenhouse gases

A

Gases in the atmosphere that absorb the heat radiated from the earth.

42
Q

What is the greenhouse effect.

A

Electromagnetic radiation from the sun passes through the atmosphere.
Earth absorbs some radiation and warms up.
Heat is radiated from earth as infrared radiation.
Some of the infrared radiation is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere, heating up the atmosphere.

43
Q

How does human activity increase atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.

A

Burning fossil fuels for energy that release carbon dioxide.

Deforestation reduces amount of photosynthesis, so less carbon dioxide converted to oxygen

44
Q

Effects of global warming

A 
Melting of polar ice caps
Flooding.
Forest fires.
Destruction of ecosystems. 
Difficulties acquiring drinking water.
45
Q

How has human activity increased amount of methane in the atmosphere

A

Raising livestock such as cows

Decay of organic waste in landfill sights.

46
Q

How can effects of global warming be mitigated.

A

Construct flood defences in low lying land.
use of irrigation systems to provide waster in drought.
Produce of alternate crops which are better adapted to new environment.

47
Q

Name the non renewable fossil fuel found in natural gas.

A

Methane

Chemistry paper 2 (3 decks)

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