Topic 7 - Run for your life Flashcards
Know the way in which muscles, tendons, the skeleton + ligaments interact to enable movement, including antagonistic muscle pairs, extensors + flexors.
7.1
Understand the process of contraction of skeletal muscle in terms of the sliding filament theory, including the role of actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin, calcium ions (Ca2+), ATP + ATPase.
7.2
Understand the overall reaction of aerobic respiration as splitting of the respiratory substrate, to release carbon dioxide as a waste product + reuniting of hydrogen with atmospheric oxygen with the release of a large amount of energy.
7.3 (i)
Understand the respiration is a many-stepped process with each step controlled + catalysed by a specific intracellular enzyme.
7.3(ii)
Understand the roles of glycolysis in aerobic and anaerobic respiration, including the phosphorylation of hexoses, the production of ATP, reduced coenzyme, pyruvate & lactate.
7.4
Understand the role of the link reaction & the Krebs cycle in the complete oxidation of glucose & formation of carbon dioxide, ATP, reduced NAD & reduced FAD and why these steps take place in the mitochondria, unlike glycolysis which occurs in the cytoplasm.
7.5
Understand how ATP is synthesised by oxidative phosphorylation associated with the electron transport chain in mitochondria, including the role of chemiosmosis & ATP synthase.
7.6
Understand what happens to lactate after a period of anaerobic respiration in animals.
7.7
Investigate rate of respiration
Core practical 16
Know the myogenic nature of cardiac muscle.
7.8(i)
Understand how the normal electrical activity of the heart coordinates the heart beat, including the roles of the sinoatrial node (SAN), the atrioventricular node (AVN), the bundle of His & the Purkyne fibres.
7.8(ii)
Understand how the use of electrocardiograms (ECGs) can aid the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease & other heart conditions.
7.8(iii)
Be able to calculate cardiac output.
7.9(i)
Understand how variations in ventilation & cardiac output enable rapid delivery of oxygen to tissues & the removal of CO2 from them, including how the heart rate & ventilation rate are controlled and the roles of the cardiovascular control centre and the ventilation centre in the medulla oblongata.
7.9(ii)
Investigate the effects of exercise on tidal volume, breathing rate, respiratory minute ventilation + oxygen consumption using data from spirometer traces.
Core practical 17
Know the structure of a muscle fibre.
7.10(i)
Understand how the structural & physiological differences between fast + slow twitch muscle fibres.
7.10(ii)
Understand what is meant by negative feedback & positive feedback control.
7.11(i)
Understand the principle of negative feedback in maintaining systems within narrow limits.
7.11(ii)
Understand homeostasis and its importance in maintaining the body in a state of dynamic equilibrium during exercise, including the role of the hypothalamus and the mechanisms of thermoregulation.
7.12
Understand the analysis & interpretation of data relating to possible disadvantages of exercising too much (wear + tear on joints, suppression of the immune system) and exercising too little (increased risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease + diabetes) recognising correlation + casual relationships.
7.13
Understand how medical technology, including the use of keyhole surgery + protheses, is enabling those with injuries + disabilities in sports.
7.14
Be able to discuss different ethical positions relating to whether the use of performance-enhancing substances by athletes is acceptable.
7.15
Understand how genes can be switched on + off by DNA transcription factors.
7.16
