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Living Environment Regents Prep > Topic 0 (organic molecules) > Flashcards

Topic 0 (organic molecules) Flashcards

1
Q

what is considered an organic compound? which organic compounds are the most relevant to biology?

A

when a compound consists of carbon atoms bonded to molecules of oxygen, hydrogen, etc.

the most important organic molecules to biology are 1) Carbohydrates 2) Lipids 3) Protein 3) Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

What type of elements are in carbohydrates?

A

C- carbon, H- hydrogen, O- oxygen

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3
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

when you combine multiple monosaccharides together

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4
Q

What is the simplest unit of a carbohydrate called?

A

monosaccharide

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5
Q

What type of carbohydrate is glucose?

A

it is a MONOSACCHARIDE

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6
Q

What kind of structure does a monosaccharide have?

A

ring structure

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7
Q

What are some exampled of POLYSACCHARIDES vs MONOSACCHARIDES?

A

polysaccharide –> starch (potatoes), glycogen (meat)

monosaccharides –> glucose, fructose, galactose

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8
Q

What type of elements are in lipids?

A

C- carbon, H- hydrogen, O- oxygen

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9
Q

What is the structure of a lipid?

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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10
Q

What are some examples of lipids?

A

Phospholipids (which make up the cell membrane), waxes/oils

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11
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Can help with structure in the cell and also is a *long lasting source of energy

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12
Q

What type of elements are in proteins?

A

C- carbon, H- hydrogen, O- oxygen, N-nitrogen

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13
Q

What is the simplest form of a protein?

A

AMINO ACID —- if you put a bunch of amino acids together you get a polypeptide chain – when you put multiple polypeptide chains together you get a PROTEIN

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14
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

Link to picture –> https://www.astrochem.org/sci_img/Amino_Acid_Structure.jpg

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15
Q

what is dehydration synthesis?

A

when you TAKE OUT AN H2O molecule in between two monomers in order to SYNTHESIZE a polymer (multiple monomers linked together)

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16
Q

what chemical reaction allows a molecule to go from monomer to polymer?

A

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

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17
Q

What is ALWAYS a product of dehydration synthesis?

A

WATER

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18
Q

what does “lysis” mean

A

TO CUT

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19
Q

what does hydrolysis mean?

A

TO CUT a piece of a polymer into a monomer USING H2O

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20
Q

polysaccharide + water =

A

monosaccharide

21
Q

fat molecule + water =

A

glycerol + 3 Fatty acids

22
Q

polypeptide + water =

A

amino acid

23
Q

how many types of amino acids are there?

24
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions

25
is the enzyme "used up" in the chemical reaction?
NO it is just there to make the reaction go faster, it is not used up in the reaction for ex: A + B + enzyme --> AB + enzyme (do you see here that the enzyme still comes out of the reaction bc it does not get used up)
26
how do you know if a chemical is an enzyme?
it ends with the letters -ase ex. amylASE, lipASE, hydrolASE
27
what's another word for enyzme?
organic catalyst
28
what is amylase?
enzyme that breaks sugar down in the saliva
29
what is a substrate?
the chemical that is being "worked on" in the reaction with an enzyme
30
what is the enzyme that breaks down maltose?
maltASE
31
what is the enzyme that breaks down amylose?
amylASE
32
what is the enzyme that breaks down lipids?
lipASE
33
what is the enzyme that breaks down lactose?
lactASE
34
what is an active site?
the specific area on the enzyme that the substrate attaches to see picture: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQFBtGpyoRHgjW4bU5H995r1nT-2JeQapwg6g&s
35
what is the lock and key model?
when an an enzyme is perfectly shaped for a specific substrate (just like how only one key will work on a lock) see picture: https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images/wp-content/uploads/sites/3101/2018/03/21195418/494a8e8421b688f627e00d62c7fd6522.jpg
36
what factors affect how well an enzyme works?
1. temperature 2. concentration of the enzyme or substrate 3. pH (how acidic or basic the environment is)
37
what is denaturation?
when an enzyme becomes too deformed bc the temperature is too high or it is in the wrong pH level -- the enzyme stops working
38
enzymes typically have an optimal range for ____ and ____ where it works the best
temperature and pH level
39
most enzymes work well in a ___ pH level
neutral
40
if you add more substrate into a reaction with a set amount of enzyme, what happens?
the reaction goes faster
41
which enzyme likes acidic environments?
pepsin -- found in the stomach acid
42
which enzyme likes basic pH environments
intestinal enzymes
43
What is PH?
A scale that consists of number 1 through 14 And determines whether the substance is acidic or Alkaline
44
How do we know whether something is Acidic or Basic
To know something is Acidic the substance must be below 7 , that means its acidic And to know something is basic the substance must be over 7.
45
What is the PH level of water
The PH level of water is 7
46
Why is temperature important to the regulations of enzymes
The temperature is important as if the temperature is not ideal or its too high than all the functions doesn’t work properly.
47
48
What is a substrate vs an enzyme
The substrate is the compound that is being change in the chemical reaction and the enzyme is the compound that is causing the chemical reaction.
49
Describe the structure of the amino acid
It has the craboxyl group on the right and on the left

Living Environment Regents Prep (5 decks)

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