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Chemistry > Topic 7 - Organic Chemsitry > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Organic Chemsitry Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound formed from carbon and hydrogen atoms only

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2
Q

Which type of bonds do alkanes have?

A

C-C single bonds

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3
Q

Why are alkanes saturated compounds?

A

They have a C-C single bond

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4
Q

What’s the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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5
Q

What’s the formula of methane?

A

CH4

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6
Q

Name the first 4 alkanes

A

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane
(Monkeys, Eat, Peanut, Butter)

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7
Q

What’s the formula of ethane?

A

C2H6

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8
Q

What’s the formula of propane?

A

C3H8

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9
Q

What’s the formula of butane?

A

C4H10

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10
Q

Alkanes are a homologous series, what does this mean?

A

A group of compounds that react in a similar way / containing same functional group

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11
Q

Crude oil is a mixture of different ___________?

A

Hydrocarbons

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12
Q

How are the different compounds in crude oil separated?

A

By fractional distillation

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13
Q

Describe the process of fractional distillation

A

1) The oil is heated to evaporate it - the gases enter a fractionating column
- The tower is hot at the bottom and cooler at the top
2) The gases enter the column and since each hydrocarbon has a different boiling point, the gases condense at different heights
- Longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling points than smaller ones so come out at the bottom

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14
Q

What are the fuels that come from crude oil and what are their uses?

A

Fuel gas (used as fuel)
Petrol (cars)
Naphtha (chemical production)
Kerosine (jet/plane fuel)
Diesel oil (diesel engines)
Heavy oil fuel (ships)
Bitumen (lubricating oils and road surfaces)

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15
Q

Which type of bond do alkenes have?

A

C=C double bond

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16
Q

What does it mean that alkenes are unsaturated?

A

Have a double C=C bond

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17
Q

What does the C=C bond in alkenes mean in terms of hydrogens and carbon atoms

A

Alkenes have fewer hydrogens compared with alkanes containing the same number of carbon atoms

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18
Q

What does opening the C=C double bond into a single bond allow the carbon atoms to do?

A

To bond with other atoms
(This makes alkenes more reactive than alkanes)

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19
Q

What are the first 4 alkenes?

A

Ethene, Propene, Butene, Pentene

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20
Q

Each carbon atom forms how many single covalent bonds?

A

4 (each carbon only bonds 4 other atoms)

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21
Q

What’s the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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22
Q

What’s the formula of ethene?

A

C2H4

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23
Q

What’s the formula of propene?

A

C3H6

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24
Q

What’s the formula of butene?

A

C4H8

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25
What’s the formula of pentene?
C5H10
26
The complete combustion of any hydrocarbon in oxygen releases lots of _____?
Energy
27
What’s the equation for complete combustion
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen ——> Carbon dioxide + Water (+energy)
28
The shorter the carbon chain, the more r_____ a hydrocarbon is
Runny (less viscous - gloopy)
29
The shorter the carbon chain, the more v_______ the hydrocarbon is
Volatile (have lower boiling points)
30
The shorter the carbon chains, the more f__________ the hydrocarbon is
Flammable
31
Why do short chain hydrocarbons make good fuels?
They’re flammable
32
Long chain hydrocarbons form thick liquids which aren’t that useful so are turned into smaller ones by ….?
Cracking
33
Longer alkane molecules produced from fractional distillation are turned into smaller, more useful ones by a process called ….?
Cracking
34
Describe the process of cracking
1) Heat long chain hydrocarbons to vaporise them 2) Pass the vapour over a hot catalyst or mix with steam 3) The long hydrocarbons break down into a shorter alkane and an alkene
35
What’s the general equation for cracking?
Long alkane ——> shorter alkane + alkene
36
Since there isn’t enough oxygen in the air for alkenes to combust completely, when they burn they tend to undergo ….?
Incomplete combustion
37
What’s the general formula for incomplete combustion of an alkene?
Alkene + Oxygen ——> Carbon monoxide + Carbon dioxide + Water (+energy)
38
What’s a functional group?
A group of atoms in a molecule that determine how that molecule typically reacts
39
Which functional group do all Alkenes have that make them react in similar way?
C=C
40
Can you use half numbers for combustion equations?
Yes
41
What’s the addition of hydrogen (H2) to an alkene known as?
Hydrogenation
42
Steam can react with alkenes to form what?
Alcohols
43
H______ns can react with alkenes
Halogens
44
Describe how we can test for alkenes
- Add bromine water (orange) to alkene - Shake - If alkene present the bromine water turns colourless
45
Test for water (combustion)
Blue cobalt chloride paper turns pink White copper sulfate turns blue
46
Test for Carbon dioxide (combustion)
Turns limewater cloudy
47
What are polymers formed from?
Lots of small monomers joined together
48
How is an addition polymer formed?
When lots of small alkene monomers open their double bonds and join together
49
What happens to the double bond when drawing an addition polymer?
It becomes a single C-C bond
50
How do you get the name of a polymer?
Add ‘poly’ in front of the name of the monomer (in brackets)
51
What does propene become after addition polymerisation?
Poly(propene)
52
Which functional group do alcohols have?
-OH
53
What’s the general formula of alcohols?
CnH2n+1OH
54
What are the first 4 alcohols in the homologous series?
Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol
55
What’s the formula of methanol?
CH3OH
56
What’s the formula of ethanol?
C2H5OH
57
What’s the formula of propanol?
C3H7OH
58
What’s the formula of butanol?
C4H9OH
59
Are alcohols flammable?
Yes
60
Alcohols undergo complete combustion in air, to produce what?
Carbon dioxide and water
61
What’s one of the products of reacting an alcohol with sodium?
Hydrogen
62
Alcohols can be oxidised by reacting with oxygen to produce…?
A carboxylic acid
63
The first 4 alcohols are used as what?
Fuels
64
Alcohols are ______ in water
Soluble
65
What are 2 methods to produce ethanol?
Fermentation and hydration of ethene
66
Describe the method for fermentation
1) Extract sugar (glucose) from crops 2) Add yeast to glucose (yeast has enzymes) 3) Fermentation - 37C (Happens fastest in slightly acidic solution and under anaerobic conditions (no oxygen))
67
What’s the word equation for fermentation?
Glucose ——> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
68
What’s the symbol equation for fermentation?
C6H12O6 ——> 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2
69
What are 2 advantages of fermentation?
- Sugar is a renewable resource - cheap
70
What are 2 disadvantages of fermentation?
- Very slow - Very impure - costs money to further process
71
Describe the method for hydration of ethene
- Extract crude oil - Fractional distillation then cracking to get ethene - Hydration of ethene * mix ethene with steam and pass over a catalyst at high temp and pressure
72
What are 2 advantages of hydration of ethene?
- Pure - 95% yield - Fast reaction
73
What are 2 disadvantages of hydration of ethene?
- Expensive - Ethene is non-renewable
74
Which functional group do carboxylic acids have?
-COOH
75
What do all carboxylic acid names end with?
-anoic acid
76
What are the 4 carboxylic acids?
Methanoic acid Ethanoic acid Propanoic acid Butanoic acid
77
What is the formula of methanoic acid?
HCOOH
78
What is the formula of ethanoic acid?
CH3COOH
79
What is the formula of propanoic acid?
C2H5COOH
80
What is the formula of butanoic acid?
C3H7COOH
81
Carboxylic acids react with carbonates to produce what?
A salt + water + carbon dioxide
82
Salt names formed from carboxylic acids end in?
-anoate
83
What do carboxylic acids dissolve in?
Water
84
Do carboxylic acids form weak or strong acids and why?
Weak acids - they don’t ionise completely (not all acid molecules release their H+ ions)
85
E______ can be made from carboxylic acids
Esters
86
Which functional group do esters have?
-COO-
87
What are esters formed from?
Alcohol and a carboxylic acid
88
Give an example of an ester
Ethyl ethanoate
89
What is the equation for esters?
Alcohol + carboxylic acid —————> ester + water (acid catalyst)
90
What’s the equation to make ethyl ethanoate?
Ethanoic acid + Ethanol ————> Ehyl ethanoate + water
91
What’s the formula of ethyl ethanoate?
CH3COOC2H5

Chemistry (3 decks)

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