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Chemistry paper 2 > Topic 7 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is in a hydrocarbon ?

A

HYDROGEN AND CARBON

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2
Q

what do alkanes have ?

A

SINGLE carbon bonds

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3
Q

what is the general formula for an alkane ?

A

CnH2n+2

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4
Q

what is a homologous series ?

A

a family with the same general formula and react in a similar way

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5
Q

what is an alkane ?

A

saturated compounds

- each carbon atom forms 4 single covalent bonds

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6
Q

what are the properties of a shorter carbon chain ?

A
  • less viscous
  • lower boiling point
  • pale in colour
  • very flammable
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7
Q

what happens in the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon ?

A
  • there is A LOT of energy
  • only waste product are carbon dioxide and water vapour
    hydrocarbon + oxygen —–> carbon dioxide+ water + energy
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8
Q

what is crude oil ?

A

a fossil fuel that is a mixture of lots of different hydrocarbons
made from the remains of plants and animals that have been compressed with a high temperature

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9
Q

what is fractional distillation ?

A

a method to separate the different compounds in crude oil

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10
Q

how does fractional distillation work ?

A
  • the oil is heated
  • gas enters the fractionating column at the bottom where it is the hottest
  • longer hydrocarbons with high boiling points condense early on
  • the shorter hydrocarbons with lower boiling points condense much later
  • at the end your oil mixture is separated into into different fractions containing a mixture of hydrocarbons with a similar boiling point
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11
Q

what are some uses of crude oil ?

A
  • fuel for transport

- petrochemical industry

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12
Q

what is cracking ?

A

the splitting of long - chain hydrocarbons as short chained hydrocarbons are much more useful
- fuels

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13
Q

what are the two types of cracking ?

A
  • catalytic cracking

- steam cracking

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14
Q

what do alkenes have ?

A

a carbon DOUBLE bond

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15
Q

what are alkenes ?

A

UNsaturated compounds

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16
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes ?

A

Cn H2n

17
Q

what happens when you burn an alkene ?

A
  • incomplete combustion
  • smoky flame (yellow)
    alkene = oxygen —-> carbon+ carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water
18
Q

what is an alkenes function group ?

A

c=c

19
Q

what happends when bromine water is added to an allkene and alkane ?

A 
alkane = NO CHANGE 
alkene = orange goes colourless
20
Q

what happens when a steam reacts with an alkene ?

A

an alcohol is formed

21
Q

what is a polymers ?

A

lots of monomers join together

22
Q

what is a monomer ?

A

small molecules

23
Q

what monomer makes up addition polymers ?

A

unsaturated monomers with double bonds

24
Q

what is addition polymerisation ?

A

when lots of unsaturated monomers open up their double bonds to join together to form a polymer chain

25
Q

what is the function group of an alcohol?

A

-OH

26
Q

what is the general formula of an alcohol ?

A

CnH2n+1OH

27
Q

what are the properties of the first 4 alcohols ?

A
  • flammable
  • complete combustion produces carbon dioxide and water
  • soluble in water
  • react with sodium to produce hydrogen
  • oxidise alcohols produce CARBOXYLIC acids
28
Q

what are alcohols used for ?

A
  • solvents

- fuel

29
Q

how can ethanol be made ?

A 
FERMENTATION 
37 degrees
anaerobic respiration 
slightly acidic 
- avoid denaturing enzymes
30
Q

what is the functional group of a carboxylic acid ?

A

-COOH

31
Q

what do they produce when reacted with carbonates ?

A

salt (-anoate)
water
carbon dioxide

32
Q

what happens when a carboxylic acid dissolves in water ?

A
  • ionises and releases H+ ions making the solution acidic

- it is a weak acid as it doesn’t FULLY ionise

33
Q

what is the function group of an ester ?

A
  • COO
34
Q

how is an ester formed ?

A

alcohol and a carboxylic acid react to form an ester and water

35
Q

what is a condensation polymer ?

A

monomers with different function groups

for each new bond a small molecule is lost

36
Q

what makes up an amino acid ?

A

a basic amino acid group (NH2) and an acidic carboxyl group

37
Q

what is a protein ?

A

a polymer of amino acids

chains of polypeptides

38
Q

what does an amino acid dorm through condensation polymerisation ?

A

POLYPEPTIDES

39
Q

what is DNA from ?

A
  • nucleotides
  • double helix
  • found in nucleus

Chemistry paper 2 (3 decks)

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