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Chemistry Paper 2 > Topic 7 Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Topic 7 Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Compound of hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

What series are alkanes?

A

Homologous

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4
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Group of organic compounds that react in similar way

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5
Q

What type of compound are alkanes?

A

Saturated

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6
Q

What is a saturated compound?

A

Each carbon atom forms 4 single covalent bonds

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7
Q

What do properties of hydrocarbons depend on?

A

Length of carbon chain

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8
Q

What are 3 properties of hydrocarbons that change with their length?

A

Boiling point
Viscosity (gloopy)
Flammability

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9
Q

What are 3 properties of a shorter chain hydrocarbon?

A

Less viscous
Lower boiling point (more volatile)
More flammable

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10
Q

What do the properties of hydrocarbons affect?

A

How used for fuels

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11
Q

Want does the complete combustion of any hydrocarbon in oxygen release?

A

Lots of energy

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12
Q

During combustion of hydrocarbons, what is oxidised?

A

Both hydrogen and carbon

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13
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Finite resource found in rocks

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14
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

Remains of ancient biomass, mainly plankton, buried in mud, over millions of years under high temp + pressure

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15
Q

What is crude oil a mixture of?

A

Lots of different hydrocarbons, most are alkenes

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16
Q

What are the 5 steps in fractional distillation?

A
  1. Oil heated until evaporated
  2. Gas enters fractionating column
  3. Column has temperature gradient (hot at bottom, cooler at top)
  4. Longer hydrocarbons = high boiling points, condense and drain out early on
  5. Shorter hydrocarbons = lower boiling points, condense and drain out near top
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17
Q

What does each fraction contain?

A

Mixture of hydrocarbons, all contain similar number of carbon atoms, similar boiling points

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18
Q

What 2 things can fractions be processed to produce?

A

Fuels
Feedstock for petrochemical industry

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19
Q

What are 5 fuels for modern transport produced from crude oil?

A

Petrol
Diesel oil
Kerosene
Heavy fuel oil
Liquified petroleum gases

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20
Q

What are 4 things the petrochemical industry uses hydrocarbons from crude oil as feedstock to make compounds for use in?

A

Polymers
Solvents
Lubricants
Detergents

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21
Q

What are all the products you get from crude oil examples of?

A

Organic compounds (compounds contain carbon atoms)

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22
Q

What do the vast array of natural and synthetic carbon compounds occur due to?

A

Ability of carbon atoms to bond together, form different groups (homologous series), contain similar compounds with properties in common

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23
Q

Why are short chain hydrocarbons in high demand?

A

Flammable, make good fuels

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24
Q

What are the 2 methods of cracking?

A

Catalytic
Steam

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25
Q

What do the products of cracking include?

A

Alkanes and alkenes

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26
Q

What are some of the products of cracking useful as?

A

Fuels

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27
Q

What 2 things can alkenes be used to produce?

A

Polymers
Starting materials for production of other chemicals

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28
Q

What type of reaction is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition- breaking down molecules by heating

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29
Q

What are the 3 steps in catalytic cracking?

A
  1. Heat long chain alkanes to vaporise
  2. Vapour passed over hot powered aluminium oxide (catalyst)
  3. Long chain molecules split apart on surface of specks of catalyst
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30
Q

What are the 3 steps of steam cracking?

A
  1. Vaporise hydrocarbons
  2. Mix with steam
  3. Heat to very high temperature
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31
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Hydrocarbons with a double carbon-carbon bond

32
Q

Why are alkene molecules unsaturated?

A

Contain two fewer hydrogen atoms compared with alkanes containing same number of carbon atoms

33
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A

C=C double bond can upon up to make single bond, allow carbon atoms bond with other atoms

34
Q

What is the functional group for alkenes?

35
Q

What are the first 4 alkenes?

A

Ethene (2 cs)
Propene
Butene
Pentene

36
Q

What do alkenes tend to undergo when they react with oxygen?

A

Incomplete combustion

37
Q

What is produced in the incomplete combustion of alkenes?

A

Carbon dioxide and water, can also carbon and carbon monoxide

38
Q

What does incomplete combustion of alkenes result in?

A

Smoky yellow flame, less energy released

39
Q

What is the functional group?

A

Group of atoms in molecule determine how molecule reacts

40
Q

How do alkenes react most of the time?

A

Via addition reactions (C=C open up to leave single bond and new atom added to each carbon)

41
Q

What is the name of the reaction of an alkene with hydrogen to form the equivalent, saturated alkane?

A

Hydrogenation

42
Q

What are the conditions for an alkene to react with hydrogen?

A

Catalyst present

43
Q

What can the reaction between an alkene and steam/water form?

44
Q

What are the steps in the process to make ethanol by reacting ethene with steam?

A
  1. Mix ethene with steam and pass over catalyst
  2. Pass mixture from reactor to condenser
  3. Ethanol and water have higher bp than ethene so both condense, unreacted ethene gas recycled
  4. Alcohol purified by fractional distillation
45
Q

Which 3 halogens will alkenes react with in addition reactions?

A

Bromine
Chlorine
Iodine

46
Q

What do bromine and ethene react together to form?

A

Diobromoethane

47
Q

What is the test for alkenes using bromine water?

A

Bromine will add across double bond of alkene, solution turns colourless

48
Q

What is the general formula of an alcohol?

49
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

50
Q

What are the first 4 alcohols in the homologous series?

A

Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol
Butanol

51
Q

What are the properties of the first 4 alcohols?

A

Flammable (complete combustion in air)
Soluble in water, form solutions of neutral pH
React with sodium, produce hydrogen
Oxidised by reacting with oxygen, produce carboxylic acid

52
Q

What are 2 uses of alcohols?

A

Solvents
Fuels

53
Q

Why are methanol and ethanol used as solvents in industry?

A

Can dissolve substances water can’t dissolve eg hydrocarbons, oils, fats

54
Q

How does ethanol burn?

A

Cleanly, non smelly

55
Q

How is ethanol produced?

A

Sugar solutions converted into aqueous solutions of ethanol using enzyme in yeast (fermentation)

56
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation?

A

Sugar - (yeast) - ethanol + carbon dioxide

57
Q

What are 3 conditions for fermentation?

A

Temperature of 37 degrees Celsius
Slightly acidic solution
Anaerobic conditions (no oxygen)

58
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

59
Q

What are the first 4 members of the homologous series of carboxylic acids?

A

Methanoic acid
Ethanoic acid
Propanoic acid
Butanoic acid

60
Q

What are 3 properties of the first 4 carboxylic acids?

A

React with carbonates, produce salt, water and carbon dioxide
Dissolve in water, ionise and release H+ ions, form acidic solution
React with alcohols to form Esters

61
Q

What are esters formed from?

A

Alcohol and carboxylic acid, acid catalyst used

62
Q

What is produced when ethanol and Ethanoic acid react with an acid catalyst?

A

Ethyl ethanoate + water

63
Q

Why are carboxylic acids weak acids in terms of ionisation and pH?

A

Don’t ionise completely, form weak acidic solutions so have higher pH than aqueous solutions of strong acids with same concentration

64
Q

What are the 2 different functional groups amino acids contain?

A

Basic amino group (NH2)
Acidic carboxyl group (COOH)

65
Q

What is the smallest and simplest amino acid possible?

66
Q

What polymers do amino acids form?

A

Polypeptides via condensation polymerisation

67
Q

How do amino acids produce proteins?

A

Different amino acids combined in their polymer chains

68
Q

What gives proteins their properties and shapes?

A

Order of amino acids

69
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

70
Q

What is DNA made of?

A

2 polymer chains, made from 4 different monomers called nucleotides, in double helix

71
Q

What do nucleotides each contain?

A

Base (4 different bases - A C T G)

72
Q

What does condensation polymerisation involve?

A

Monomers with two functional groups

73
Q

Why is condensation polymerisation called condensation polymerisation?

A

For each new bond formed, small molecule (water) is lost

74
Q

What do the simplest types of condensation polymers contain?

A

2 different types of monomer, each with 2 of same functional groups

75
Q

How many products are formed from addition polymerisation?

A

One - polymer

76
Q

How many products are formed from condensation polymerisation?

A

Two- polymer and small molecule (water)

77
Q

What are the types of monomers that make up addition polymers?

A

One monomer type, contain c=c bond

Chemistry Paper 2 (5 decks)

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