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Chemistry Paper 2 > Topic 7 Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Topic 7 Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Compound of hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

What series are alkanes?

A

Homologous

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4
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Group of organic compounds that react in similar way

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5
Q

What type of compound are alkanes?

A

Saturated

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6
Q

What is a saturated compound?

A

Each carbon atom forms 4 single covalent bonds

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7
Q

What do properties of hydrocarbons depend on?

A

Length of carbon chain

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8
Q

What are 3 properties of hydrocarbons that change with their length?

A

Boiling point
Viscosity (gloopy)
Flammability

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9
Q

What are 3 properties of a shorter chain hydrocarbon?

A

Less viscous
Lower boiling point (more volatile)
More flammable

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10
Q

What do the properties of hydrocarbons affect?

A

How used for fuels

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11
Q

During combustion of hydrocarbons, what is oxidised?

A

Both hydrogen and carbon

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12
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Finite resource found in rocks

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13
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

Remains of ancient biomass, mainly plankton, buried in mud, over millions of years under high temp + pressure

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14
Q

What is crude oil a mixture of?

A

Lots of different hydrocarbons, most are alkenes

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15
Q

What are the 5 steps in fractional distillation?

A
  1. Oil heated until evaporated
  2. Gas enters fractionating column
  3. Column has temperature gradient (hot at bottom, cooler at top)
  4. Longer hydrocarbons = high boiling points, condense and drain out early on
  5. Shorter hydrocarbons = lower boiling points, condense and drain out near top
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16
Q

What does each fraction contain?

A

Mixture of hydrocarbons, all contain similar number of carbon atoms, similar boiling points

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17
Q

What 2 things can fractions be processed to produce?

A

Fuels
Feedstock for petrochemical industry

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18
Q

What are 5 fuels for modern transport produced from crude oil?

A

Petrol
Diesel oil
Kerosene
Heavy fuel oil
Liquified petroleum gases

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19
Q

What are 4 things the petrochemical industry uses hydrocarbons from crude oil as feedstock to make compounds for use in?

A

Polymers
Solvents
Lubricants
Detergents

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20
Q

What are all the products you get from crude oil examples of?

A

Organic compounds (compounds contain carbon atoms)

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21
Q

What do the vast array of natural and synthetic carbon compounds occur due to?

A

Ability of carbon atoms to bond together, form different groups (homologous series), contain similar compounds with properties in common

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22
Q

Why are short chain hydrocarbons in high demand?

A

Flammable, make good fuels

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23
Q

What are the 2 methods of cracking?

A

Catalytic
Steam

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24
Q

What do the products of cracking include?

A

Alkanes and alkenes

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25
What are **some of the products of cracking useful as**?
**Fuels**
26
What **2 things can alkenes be used to produce**?
**Polymers** **Starting materials** for **production** of other **chemicals**
27
What **type of reaction is cracking**?
**Thermal decomposition- breaking down molecules by heating**
28
What are the **3 steps in catalytic cracking**?
1. **Heat long chain alkanes to vaporise** 2. **Vapour passed over hot powered aluminium oxide (catalyst)** 3. **Long chain molecules split apart on surface of specks of catalyst**
29
What are the **3 steps of steam cracking**?
1. **Vaporise hydrocarbons** 2. **Mix with steam** 3. **Heat to very high temperature**
30
What are **alkenes**?
**Hydrocarbons with a double carbon-carbon bond**
31
Why are **alkenes more reactive than alkanes**?
**C=C double bond can upon up to make single bond**, allow **carbon atoms bond with other atoms**
32
What is the **functional group for alkenes**?
**C=C**
33
What are the **first 4 alkenes**?
**Ethene (2 cs)** **Propene** **Butene** **Pentene**
34
What do **alkenes tend to undergo** when they **react with oxygen**?
**Incomplete combustion**
35
What is **produced in the incomplete combustion of alkenes**?
**Carbon dioxide** and **water**, can also **carbon** and **carbon monoxide**
36
What does **incomplete combustion of alkenes result in**?
**Smoky yellow flame, less energy released**
37
What is the **functional group**?
**Group of atoms in molecule determine how molecule reacts**
38
How do **alkenes react most of the time**?
Via **addition reactions (C=C open up to leave single bond and new atom added to each carbon)**
39
What is the **name of the reaction** of an **alkene with hydrogen to form the equivalent, saturated alkane**?
**Hydrogenation**
40
What are the **conditions** for an **alkene to react with hydrogen**?
**Catalyst present**
41
What can the **reaction between an alkene and steam/water form**?
**Alcohols**
42
What are the **steps** in the process to **make ethanol by reacting ethene with steam**?
1. **Mix ethene with steam** and **pass over catalyst** 2. **Pass mixture from reactor to condenser** 3. **Ethanol and water** have **higher bp** than **ethene** so both **condense, unreacted ethene gas recycled** 4. **Alcohol purified by fractional distillation**
43
Which **3 halogens will alkenes react with in addition reactions**?
Bromine Chlorine Iodine
44
What do **bromine and ethene react together to form**?
**Diobromoethane**
45
What is the **test for alkenes** using **bromine water**?
**Bromine will add across double bond of alkene, solution turns colourless**
46
What is the **general formula of an alcohol**?
**CnH2n+1OH**
47
What is the **functional group of alcohols**?
**-OH**
48
What are the **first 4 alcohols in the homologous series**?
Methanol Ethanol Propanol Butanol
49
What are the **properties of the first 4 alcohols**?
**Flammable** (complete combustion in air) **Soluble in water**, form solutions of neutral pH **React with sodium**, produce hydrogen **Oxidised** by **reacting with oxygen**, produce **carboxylic acid**
50
What are **2 uses of alcohols**?
**Solvents** **Fuels**
51
Why are **methanol and ethanol** used as **solvents in industry**?
Can **dissolve substances water can’t dissolve** eg hydrocarbons, oils, fats
52
How does **ethanol burn**?
**Cleanly, non smelly**
53
How is **ethanol produced**?
**Sugar solutions** converted into **aqueous solutions of ethanol** using **enzyme** in **yeast (fermentation)**
54
What is the **word equation for fermentation**?
**Sugar - (yeast) - ethanol + carbon dioxide**
55
What are **3 conditions for fermentation**?
Temperature of **37 degrees Celsius** **Slightly acidic solution** **Anaerobic conditions (no oxygen)**
56
What is the **functional group of carboxylic acids**?
**-COOH**
57
What are the **first 4 members** of the **homologous series of carboxylic acids**?
Methanoic acid Ethanoic acid Propanoic acid Butanoic acid
58
What are **3 properties** of the **first 4 carboxylic acids**?
**React with carbonates**, produce salt, water and carbon dioxide **Dissolve in water**, ionise and release H+ ions, form **acidic solution** **React with alcohols** to form **Esters**
59
What are **esters formed from**?
**Alcohol** and **carboxylic acid**, **acid catalyst** used
60
What is **produced** when **ethanol and Ethanoic acid react** with an **acid catalyst**?
**Ethyl ethanoate + water**
61
Why are **carboxylic acids weak acids** in terms of **ionisation and pH**?
**Don’t ionise completely, form weak acidic solutions** so have **higher pH** than **aqueous solutions of strong acids** with **same concentration**
62
What are the **2 different functional groups amino acids contain**?
**Basic amino group (NH2)** **Acidic carboxyl group (COOH)**
63
What is the **smallest and simplest amino acid possible**?
**Glycine**
64
What **polymers do amino acids form**?
**Polypeptides via condensation polymerisation**
65
How do **amino acids produce proteins**?
**Different amino acids combined in their polymer chains**
66
What **gives proteins their properties and shapes**?
**Order of amino acids**
67
What does **DNA stand for**?
**Deoxyribonucleic acid**
68
What is **DNA made of**?
**2 polymer chains**, made from **4 different monomers** called **nucleotides**, in **double helix**
69
What do **nucleotides each contain**?
**Base** (4 different bases - A C T G)
70
What does **condensation polymerisation involve**?
**Monomers with two functional groups**
71
Why is **condensation polymerisation called condensation polymerisation**?
For each **new bond** formed, **small molecule (water)** is **lost**
72
What do the **simplest types of condensation polymers contain**?
**2 different types of monomer, each with 2 of same functional groups**
73
How **many products are formed from addition polymerisation**?
**One - polymer**
74
How **many products** are **formed from condensation polymerisation**?
**Two- polymer and small molecule (water)**
75
What are the **types of monomers** that **make up addition polymers**?
**One monomer type, contain c=c bond**

Chemistry Paper 2 (5 decks)

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