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Chemistry > topic 7 - organic chemistry > Flashcards

topic 7 - organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is crude oil?

A
  • crude oil is a finite resource found in rocks.
  • crude oil is the remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud
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2
Q

what is crude oil a mixture of?

A
  • crude oil is a mixture of a very large number of compounds
  • most of the compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons, which are molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only
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3
Q

what is the general formula for the homologous series of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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4
Q

what are the first four members of the alkanes?

A
  • methane
  • ethane
  • propane
  • butane
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5
Q

what is viscosity?

A
  • the thickness of a fluid
  • fluids with a high viscosity flow slowly
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6
Q

what occurs as the size of the hydrocarbon molecules increases?

A
  • as the size of the hydrocarbon molecules increases, the molecules get more viscous
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7
Q

what is the flammability of hydrocarbons?

A
  • short-chain hydrocarbons are extremely flammable
  • as the size of the hydrocarbon molecules increase, the molecules get less flammable
  • so long-chain hydrocarbons are very difficult to burn
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8
Q

what is the boiling point?

A
  • the temperature at which a liquid turns to a gas
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9
Q

what are the boiling points of hydrocarbons?

A
  • short-chain hydrocarbons have low boiling points
  • as the size of the hydrocarbon molecules increases, the boiling points also increases
  • very long chain hydrocarbons have very high boiling points
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10
Q

what is the state of hydrocarbons at room temperature?

A
  • gases
  • their boiling points are lower than room temperature
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11
Q

what do hydrocarbon fuels release when combusted?

A
  • energy
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12
Q

what occurs during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels?

A
  • during combustion, the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the fuel react with oxygen
  • the carbon and hydrogen are oxidised
  • if the oxygen is unlimited, this reaction produces carbon dioxide and water
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13
Q

what is the word equation for the complete combustion of methane?

A

methane + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

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14
Q

how does fractional distillation of crude oil take place?

A
  • crude oil is heated and vaporised
  • vapor rises up to the fractionating column
  • the column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top
  • hydrocarbons cool as they go up the column and cooler at the top
  • hydrocarbons cool as they go up the column and condense at different heights as they have different boiling points
  • large molecules, high boiling points - collected at the bottom
  • small molecules, low boiling points - collected at the top
  • this gives fractions which can be used in various ways
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15
Q

what are examples of fractions used as fuels?

A
  • petrol and diesel
  • kerosene
  • heavy fuel oil
  • liquified petroleum gas
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16
Q

what is feedstock?

A
  • a feedstock is a chemical that is used to make other chemicals
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17
Q

what are examples of feedstock?

A
  • solvents
  • lubricants
  • detergents
  • polymers
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18
Q

what is cracking?

A

hydrocarbons being broken down to produce smaller, more useful molecules

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19
Q

what type of reaction is cracking?

A
  • thermal decomposition
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20
Q

what is catalytic cracking?

A
  • in catalytic cracking, we use high temperatures and a catalyst
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21
Q

what is steam cracking?

A
  • in steam cracking we use high temperature and steam
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22
Q

what are alkenes used to make?

A
  • polymers
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23
Q

which is more reactive: alkanes or alkenes?

A

alkenes

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24
Q

how do you test for alkenes?

A
  • we test for alkenes using bromine water, which is orange
  • if shaken with alkene, then the bromine water becomes colourless
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25
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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26
Q

why are alkenes unsaturated?

A
  • they contain 2 fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms
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27
Q

what are the names and formulae of the first 4 members of the homologous series of alkenes?

A
  • ethene (C2H4)
  • propene (C3H6)
  • butene (C4H8)
  • pentene (C5H10)
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28
Q

what is the functional group for alkenes?

A

C = C

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29
Q

how does the combustion of alkenes differ from the combustion of alkanes?

A

alkenes tend to undergo incomplete combustion so burn with a smoky flame

30
Q

what is the catalyst needed for the reaction of hydrogen with an alkene?

A

nickel catalyst

31
Q

what is the reaction between ethene and hydrogen?

A

ethene + hydrogen -> ethane

32
Q

what is the formula for the reaction between a halogen?

A

ethene + chlorine -> dichloroethane

33
Q

what catalyst is used for the reaction between an alkene and steam?

A

acid

34
Q

what is the formula for the reaction between ethene and water?

A

ethene + water -> ethanol
- 300°
- phosphoric acid

35
Q

what is the functional group for alcohol?

A
  • OH
36
Q

what are the names and chemical formulae of the first 4 members of the homologous series of alcohols?

A
  • methanol (CH3OH)
  • ethanol (C2H5OH)
  • propanol (C3H7OH)
  • butanol (C4H9OH)
37
Q

what is the structural formula for the first 4 members of the homologous series of alcohols?

A
  • methanol (CH3OH)
  • ethanol (C2H5OH)
  • propanol (CH3CH2CH2OH)
  • butanol (CH3CH2CH2CH2OH)
38
Q

how is ethanol made from glucose?

A

ferment sugar solutions (glucose) using yeast

39
Q

what is the balanced equation for the complete combustion of ethanol?

A

C2H5OH + 3O2 -> 2CO2 + 3H2O

40
Q

what is observed when alcohols react with sodium metal?

A

the sodium effervesces

41
Q

what is the word equation for the reaction of sodium with ethanol?

A

sodium + ethanol -> sodium ethoxide + hydrogen

42
Q

what happens when alcohol is added to water?

A

they mix and a neutral solution is produced

43
Q

what happens when an alcohol reacts with an oxidising reagent?

A

a carboxylic acid is produced

44
Q

what are 3 uses of alcohols?

A
  • solvents
  • alcoholic drinks
  • fuels
45
Q

what is the functional group for carboxylic acids?

A
  • COOH
46
Q

what are the names and chemical formulae of the first 4 members of the homologous series of carboxylic acids?

A
  • methanoic acid (HCOOH)
  • ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)
  • propanoic acid (C2H5COOH)
  • butanoic acid (C3H7COOH)
47
Q

what happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?

A

an acidic solution forms

48
Q

what is formed when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?

A

an acidic solution forms

49
Q

what is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal carbonate?

A

a salt, carbon dioxide and water

50
Q

what is the word equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate?

A
  • ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate -> sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide
51
Q

why are carboxylic acids considered weak acids?

A

carboxylic acids only partially ionise in water

52
Q

what is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol?

A

an ester and water

53
Q

what catalysts are needed for this reaction to take place?

A

sulphuric acid

54
Q

what is the word equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with ethanol in the presence of sulphuric acid catalyst

A

ethanoic acid + ethanol ⇌ ethyl ethanoate + water

55
Q

what are the 2 properties of esters?

A
  • pleasant smell
  • volatile
56
Q

what are 2 uses of esters?

A
  • perfumes
  • food flavourings
57
Q

what is a polymer?

A
  • a long molecule made up of lots small units (monomers) joined together
58
Q

what are 2 types of polymers?

A
  • addition polymers
  • condensation polymers
59
Q

what is formed if an ethene monomer undergoes addition polymerisation?

A

poly(ethene)

60
Q

what is the structure in brackets known as?

A

repeating units

61
Q

what are the reaction conditions for addition polymerisation?

A
  • high temperature
  • high pressure
  • titanium catalyst
62
Q

what is the difference between addition and condensation polymerisation?

A
  • in addition polymerisation, only one product is formed whereas in condensation polymerisation two different products are formed
  • condensation polymerisation involved monomers with 2 different functional groups whereas addition polymerization involves just 1 functional group
63
Q

how many different functional groups does an amino acid molecule have?

A

2

64
Q

what are the two different functional groups in a molecule of an amino acid?

A
  • COOH
  • NH2
65
Q

what type of reaction occurs for amino acids to produce a polypeptide?

A

condensation polymerisation reaction

66
Q

what are two uses of proteins?

A
  • hormones
  • enzymes
67
Q

what monomers is DNA made from?

A
  • nucleotide
68
Q

how many different nucleotides ar there?

A

4

69
Q

describe the structure of DNA

A

2 polymer strands in the form of a double helix made up of 4 different nucleotides

70
Q

what does a nucleotide monomer consist of?

A
  • a phosphate group attached to a sugar molecule attached to one of four bases
71
Q

what are the four bases?

A

A, T, C, G

72
Q

what polymer is formed when a glucose monomer?

A
  • starch or cellulose

Chemistry (10 decks)

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