topic 7 (musculoskeletal system) Flashcards
Describe the three types of cartilage tissue and where they are located in the body
Hyaline Cartilage: Most common type, found in the nose, trachea, larynx, ends of long bones, and fetal skeleton.
Elastic Cartilage: Contains elastic fibers, providing flexibility. Found in the external ear, epiglottis, and Eustachian tube.
Fibrocartilage: Dense and tough, containing thick collagen fibers. Located in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci of the knee.
Describe the macroscopic and microscopic structure of bone tissue.
Macroscopic Structure:
* Compact Bone: Dense outer layer, provides strength and protection.
- Spongy Bone: Lighter, porous inner layer with trabeculae, supports and stores marrow.
- Periosteum: Outer fibrous membrane covering the bone, contains nerves and blood vessels.
- Medullary Cavity: Central cavity in long bones, contains bone marrow.
- Microscopic Structure:
- Osteons (Haversian Systems): Structural units of compact bone.
- Lamellae: Concentric layers of bone matrix.
- Lacunae: Small spaces containing osteocytes.
- Canaliculi: Tiny channels connecting lacunae, allowing nutrient and waste exchange.
- Haversian Canal: Central channel containing blood vessels and nerves.
Name and identify the major bones of the skeleton, including spinal column, pelvis, and thorax.
- Skull: Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, mandible, maxilla.
- Spinal Column: Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum, coccyx.
- Thorax: Sternum, ribs (12 pairs), thoracic vertebrae.
- Pelvis: Ilium, ischium, pubis.
- Upper Limb: Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.
- Lower Limb: Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.
Classify joints by structure and by function.
By Structure:
*Fibrous Joints: Immovable, connected
by fibrous tissue (e.g., sutures of the
skull).
*Cartilaginous Joints: Slightly movable, connected by cartilage (e.g., intervertebral discs). * Synovial Joints: Freely movable, containing a synovial cavity (e.g., shoulder, hip).
By Function:
*Synarthroses: Immovable joints.
* Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable
joints.
* Diarthroses: Freely movable joints.
Describe the macroscopic structure of a muscle.
Epimysium: Outer layer of connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle.
Perimysium: Connective tissue surrounding bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles).
Endomysium: Thin connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber.
Muscle Fiber: Long, cylindrical cells containing myofibrils.
Myofibrils: Composed of sarcomeres, the contractile units of the muscle.
Differentiate between isometric and isotonic contractions and describe the functions of prime movers, antagonists, and synergists.
Isometric Contractions: Muscle length remains the same while tension increases (e.g., holding a weight steady).
Isotonic Contractions: Muscle changes length while maintaining constant tension (e.g., lifting a weight).
Prime Movers (Agonists): Primary muscles responsible for a movement.
Antagonists: Muscles that oppose the action of the prime movers.
Synergists: Assist prime movers in performing a movement.
Name and identify the major muscles of the body.
Head and Neck: Temporalis, masseter, sternocleidomastoid.
Shoulder and Arm: Deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii.
Thorax and Abdomen: Pectoralis major, rectus abdominis, external obliques.
Back: Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae.
Leg and Gluteal Region: Gluteus maximus, quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, soleus.
Explain the importance of the musculoskeletal system in nursing.
Manual Handling: Knowledge of muscle and bone anatomy helps prevent injuries during patient lifting and movement.
Patient Mobility: Understanding the musculoskeletal system aids in assessing and promoting patient mobility and rehabilitation.
Diagnostic Procedures: Bones and muscles provide landmarks for accurate diagnostic procedures, like ECGs and injections.
Treatment: Accurate knowledge of muscle and bone structure ensures proper administration of treatments such as intra-muscular injections.
