Topic 7 - Exercise Flashcards
Too little exercise problems
Increased risk of obesity Coronary heart disease, build-up of cholesterol in arteries/blood vessels, CVD, atheroma Diabetes High blood pressure/stokes Osteoporosis
A structure with cells containing many nuclei?
Muscle
Too much exercise problems
Wear and tear on joints
Suppression of immune system/susceptibility to respiratory tract infections. Upper respiratory tract infections, reduced number of white blood cells.
Homeostatic control mechanism that restores pH to original level.
Negative feedback.
Sprinters: fast twitch muscle fibres are less red
Less myoglobin present
Less blood/ fewer red blood cells/less haemoglobin
As fewer capillaries present
Respiration is mainly anaerobic
How pH of blood increases to original after race
Low pH is due to acid (lactic acid and dissolved CO2) in the blood
Lactate (lactic acid) is taken to the liver
Oxygen debt/EPOC is used to convert lactate (lactic acid) to pyruvate (pyruvic acid) with the production of reduced reduced NAD (NADH2).
Lactate/ pyruvate is converted to glucose/glycogen
Chemoreceptors detect change in pH Increased nerve impulses from medulla Increased breathing rate Increased heart rate Dissolved CO2 from blood diffuses into alveoli
Blood vessels in skin with muscle: action to increase heat loss during exercise
Arterioles
Muscles contracting to restrict diameter in shunts (vasoconstriction)
Muscles relaxing to increase diameter in/dilate arterioles (vasodilation)
To redirect blood away from deeper arterioles into surface arterioles
To increase blood flow into capillaries towards surface, so more heat lost through radiation
Less fatigue with epicatechin
Increase inner: outer SA of mitochondria memebrne
Fatigue may be due to less ATP
Inner memebrane is the site of electron trnasport chain and oxidative phorpykation
More inner membrane, greater inner surface area, then more electron transport chain and more aerobic respiration
More ATP made - its synthesis involving chemiosmosis, H^+ down electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase
So delays onset of fatigue
(by 34 seconds in group A, thouse fed epicatechin)
Mice group A were given water containing epicatechiun at 1mg per Kg of their body mass rather than per mouse
Mice of different mass
Concentration is a controlled variable
Increases validity of investigation or conlusions
May be harmful in high doses
Effect of epicathechin on mitochondria
Increases the ratio of inner by 0.3/17.6%
Inner membrane is larger: IM/om
How SAN is involved in controlling heart rate
SAN is myogenic
Electrical activity from SAN causes atria to contract
actvity of SAN can be changed by nerve impulses e.g. controlled by the medulla
More impulses fom accelerator increases heart rate: more impulses from sympathetic nerve, noradrelaine, increase heart ratemore impulses from vagus nerve, more imulses from parasympathetic, acteylkcholine, decreases heart rate
*How her many cells have digested lactose
Lactase gene actiavted and transcribes
Synthesis of lactase
Hyroylsis of lactosre - glycosidic bonds broke, to produce glucose and galactose
*Using Hennrietta’s cells vs. using guinea pigs, mice
Better model than guinea pigs or mice
Snimal rights - fewer no ethical issues about animal welfare
Easy to culture
HeLa cells susepctible to the diease (being studied)
NAD/NAD+/NADox formed in ETC
Due to reduced NAD releasing electrons
Electrons go to carrier A/ ETC
H+ moved to inter-membranal space
ATP in ETC
Due to H+ passing through stakled partilce/ATPase/ATPsynthase
H+ passes down an electrochemical gradient
Suffiecient energy is released
To join ADP and Pi -oxidative phosprylation of ADP
This is by chemiosmosis
Respirometer with a screw clip, not a syringe
Screw clip open: coloured liquid does not move
Screw clip closed: coloured liquid moves towards the left, towards the organisms as they take oxygen in.
Potassium hydroxide is replaced with water ans screw clip is closed. Coloured liquid does not move. CO2 just replaces the oxygen taken in.
Name the proteins which make up the thick and thin filaments in muscle.
Actin - thin filament
Myosin - thick filament
Interaction between troponin and tropomysoin when a skeletal muscle fibre contracts
Ca++ bind to troponin
Troponin changes shape, moves
This displaces tropomyson away from myosin
Increased body temp. returned to normal.
Thermoreceptors in hypothalamus Detect the increase in core blood temp. Heat loss centre activated Autonomic , sympathetic,nervous system Impulses down motor neurones To effectors Head loss by vasodilation of blood vessel, sweat released, heat loss from blood through radiation
Shivering helps return and increase heat to normal
Shivering is muscle contraction
Which uses respiration/ATP - oxidative phosphorylation, ATP being converted to ADP and Pi
Which release heat to warm body
*Introducing gene into rat cells
Gene identified
Gene cut from DNA using a restriction enzyme
Gene in vector - retrovirus, virus, liposome, plasmid, bacteria
Mechanism for getting gene/vector into host cells of naked mole rats - micro injection, microprocessors, electro portion, gene gun, inhaler
Glycolysis to phosphorylation glucose
Changes Molecule R to molecule S
Phosphorylated glucose to 2 x phosphorylated 3 carbon compound
R - ATP adenosine triphosphate
S- ADP + Pi adenosine diphosphate , inorganic phosphate
Krebs cycle Aceytl CoA \+ 4 C compound To form 6 Carbon compound and 2H 1 x x 5 C compound 6H 1X X Back to 4 C compound
X = CO2
C has been removed from C6 or C5
Krebs cycle without acetyl CoA? Aceytl CoA \+ 4 C compound To form 6 Carbon compound and 2H 1 x x 5 C compound 6H 1X X Back to 4 C compound
KREBs cycle would stop 4 Carbon compound would accumulate 6 Carbon compound would not be synthesised 5 Carbon compound would also run short CO2 would reduce in quantity
Too efficient metabolism
Less food is required to deliver energy require,met
So more likely to have extra food not respites/surplus energy
Which could be stored in the body as fat
A larger VO’2 means more oxygen can enter mitochondrial and therefore more energy can be released from fuel
ADP and Pi Pyruvate Fatty acids NAD Acetyl CoA Water
Glycogen structure
Many alpha glucose monomers joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds. Side branches present (1-6) glycosidic bonds
Increase in slow twitch fibres, increase in muscle efficiency
Slow twitch muscles carry out aerobic respiration/ full oxidation
Which produces more ATP than anaerobic
Energy not locked up in lactate
It takes longer for lactate levels to build up
Lower testosterone allows racing harder
More gonodotropins Use of excess fatty acids Respire to release fatty acids Increased fat metabolism Reduced requirement to replenish glycogen stores.
Ca2+ channel leak
Leads to muscle fatigue
Ca2+ leaks out of cell
Change in Ca2+ binding to troponin
Causes tropomyosin displacement
Change in myosin binding to actin
Loss of Ca2+ from cell, therefore force exerted by muscle is lower than expected
More Ca2+ in cytoplasm, results in less ATP so less muscle contraction
Transcription nucleic acids
DNA
mRNA
Translation nucleic acid
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
DNA profiling
Obtain sample of cells
Extract DNA from cells
Increase amount of DNA: amplify using PCR
Use electrophoresis
Use a DNA gene probe
With a base sequence complementary to that on the variant
Match with known variant profile
Colder Water better for divers
A higher metabolic rate means more chemical reactions
More energy released/ATP used
Which released heat
Keeps divers warmer/ warm for longer/ able to swim without a wetsuit
Greenhouse gas
Examples and sources
CO2 - due to deforestation, land clearing, burning fossil fuels
Methane. from rice fields
Anaerobic bacteria action
Ruminant fermentation
Percentage increase
%before-%after / %before x100
A spirometer
Females and males
Calibration for volume, for time
Calculate tidal volume from trace: measure the height of one peak dm3
One peak = one breath
Breathing rate is the number of peaks per minute
Standardised group of males and females, same age, non smokers
Traces are taken at rest
Replicates are carried out
Calculate the mean from trace: add together the values for tidal volume and divide by total number of recordings
Peak expiratory flower over 35 to 85
Weakening of muscles
Loss of lung elasticity
Describe how a sprinter is able to release sufficient energy for the 100m sprint without having enough oxygen available for her muscles.
Energy is obtained from ATP ATP already in muscle cells in an ATP store ATP from glycolysis/substrate level phosphorylation. Glycolysis produces ATP rapidly Some aerobic respiration due to some oxygen present Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm Need to recycle NAD+ Pyruvate is converted to lactate Anaerobic respiration Lactate tolerance Fast twitch muscle fibres Creative phosphate.
Lactate (lactate acid) build-up may prevent further increase in speed.
Lactate build up causes drop in pH / more acidic/increase in H+
This affects enzyme activity shape
This slows down glycolysis/ATP production/ anaerobic respiration.
Muscle contractions being affected
Fate of lactate after sprint
Lactate in blood Transported into broken down in liver Lactate is converted to Pyruvate This involves oxidation, reduced NAD production Pyruvate is then oxidised Kerbs cycle occurs This required extra oxygen: there is an oxygen debt Carbon dioxide and water are produced
Give reason why data reliable
Sample size large enough
Accurate measurements have been taken
Standard deviations are small
Men mean speed faster
Mean are faster than women
Due to differences in body structure : leg Ken have more muscle, longer legs, more fast twitch fibres
Physiological differences: testosterone
Mean speeds for the marathon are less than the 100m sprint for both men and women
Marathon distance is greater More aerobic respiration needed To reduce lactate production Anaerobic respiration is not efficient enough Oxygen debt Cannot be sustained over this distance Marathon runners use slow twitch fibres
Rate of resp apparatus
KOH solution absorbs carbon dioxide
Suggest a reason for absorbing Carbon dioxide in this apparatus
Reduces volume/ pressure of gas
Allows measurement oxygen used due to movement of liquid
Why is there a syringe in respiration apparatus
Returning coloured liquid back to zero
For calibration
To allow repetition
Describe how this apparatus could be used to measure the mean rate of respiration of woodlice
Constant temperature is used
A water bath is used
Over a fixed period of time, the measurement of volume /distance of coloured liquid is recorded
Rate can be calculated : divide the distance travelled by the fixed time, mm min-1
Replicates are obtained
A control is carried out e,g. With no woodlice
Animal welfare is important
Mass of woodlice should be recorded and kept constant where possible.
