Topic 7 - Demography Flashcards
Total fertility rate
The number of live births per 1000 of population
Infant mortality rate
The number of deaths of babies in the first year of life per 1000 live births
Death rate
The number of deaths per 1000
Economic liability
Financial burden due to dependency for long periods of time
Immigration
The movement of people from place to place
Net migration
The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants
Hybrid identity
Identities from two or more sources e.g. British and Bangladeshi
What are the 4 reasons for a decline in birth rate in the UK
- Changing position of women
- Decline in infant mortality
- Children are now an economic liability
- Child centredness
Explain how changing positions of women has resulted in a decline of birth rate in the UK (theorist)
Harper believes the education of women (due to increased women’s rights) has been the most significant factor in the change in mindset.
They can reject traditional gender roles and pursue education and careers.
Explain how a decline in infant mortality rates has resulted in a decline of birth rate in the UK (theorist)
harper says IMR effects BR as parents don’t need to have children to replace those who died.
1900 (15% of babies died)
In 2021(IMR is 4)
Decline in IMR is due to vaccination, nutritional knowledge and better housing conditions.
Criticise with a theorist the idea that a decrease in infant mortality rate decreases birth rate.
BR did not decline when IMR did
Brass and Kabir Argue the trend in smaller families started in urban areas where the IMR was still high
Explain how children being an economic liability has resulted in a decline of birth rate in the UK
Until late 19th century children were economic assets as they would work and earn an income
Children are not expected to work now due to changes in norms and laws. Children are more expensive.
Explain how an increase in child centredness has resulted in a decline of birth rate in the UK
As the idea of childhood came to be, parents felt they needed to give their children a memorable and happy childhood.
Thus choosing quality over quantity
Why did birth rate slightly increase in the mid 2000s?
Due to immigration
The average mother outside of the UK has a higher birth rate
What are the impacts of a decreasing birth rate?
More dual earning families are created
Increased dependency ratio
Changes to public services and policies
