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Physics > Topic 7 Atomic, Nuclear and particle physics > Flashcards

Topic 7 Atomic, Nuclear and particle physics Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Rutherford’s experiment achieve?

A

It proved the existence of the nucleus

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2
Q

Why did they use alpha particles in Rutherford’s experiment?

A
  • The mass was large enough to not be deflected by electrons
  • It is positively charged to investigate the charge distribution
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3
Q

Describe Thompson’s Plum Pudding Model

A

Atoms were thought to be a cloud if positive charge with negative charges embedded in it

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4
Q

Isotope definition

A

Isotopes are different nuclei of an element that have different number of neutrons (but same number of protons)

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5
Q

Nucleon definition

A

A nucleon is any particle in the nucleus (ie. proton or neutron)

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6
Q

What is a strong nuclear force

A

Protons and neutrons are held together by a strong nuclear force which:
- is balanced by repulsion between protons which acts at a long range (Coulomb interaction)
- Acts at a short range ie. protons and neutrons must be adjacent

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7
Q

Describe band of stability

A

As the atom gets larger, it requires more neutrons, if not, the nucleus decays to form more stable smaller nuclei (radioactivity)

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8
Q

What is a alpha particle

A

Helium nucleus

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9
Q

What is beta -ve decay

A

An electron emitted from the nucleus (neutron => proton)

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10
Q

What is beta +ve decay

A

Emits a positive electron or positron (proton => neutron)

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11
Q

what is an alpha particle’s range in air

A

5cm

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12
Q

what is a beta particle’s range in air

A

30cm

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13
Q

what is a photon particle’s range in air

A

can be hundreds of meters

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14
Q

what stops alpha particle’s radiation

A

a piece of paper

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15
Q

what stops beta particle’s radiation

A

1mm of aluminium

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16
Q

what stops photon particle’s radiation

A

10cm of lead

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17
Q

What is ionisation

A

The removal of an electron from an atom or molecule

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18
Q

What accompanies beta -ve decay

A

Antineutrino

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19
Q

What accompanies beta +ve decay

A

Neutrinos

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20
Q

Half-life definition

A

The time taken for half of the nuclei in a sample to decay. It is spontaneous and random

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21
Q

What are the effects of radiation

A
  • cells are damaged but repair themselves correctly
  • cells are damaged but repair themselves incorrectly
  • cells die
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22
Q

Transmutation definition

A

Nuclei change from one element to another by the addition of nucleons. Can occur naturally or spontaneously

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23
Q

Nuclear fission

A

Large nuclei are broken down into smaller nuclei by being bombarded with neutrons or alpha particles. This is how energy is produced in nuclear power plants.

24
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

Small nuclei are combined to form larger nuclei if temperature and pressures are high enough to give them the energy to overcome electrostatic repulsion between them.

25
Q

unified atomic mass unit (u)

A

it is equivalent to the mass of 1/12 of a 12C atom

26
Q

Mass defect

A

the difference in mass between individual nucleons and their total mass when bound

27
Q

binding energy

A

the amount of energy required to break apart a nucleus into seperate nucleons

28
Q

binding energy per nucleon (bepn)=

A

total binding energy / number of nucleons

29
Q

the greater the binding energy per nucleon, _______________

A

the more stable the nucleus

30
Q

what is the most stable atomic nucleus

A

56Fe

31
Q

energy released =

A

total binding energy of PRODUCTS –total binding energy of REACTANTS

32
Q

what happens when a particle and an anti-particle combine?

A

they annihilate each other and their total mass is converted to energy in the form of a pair of photons

33
Q

what family are leptons a part of

A

electron

34
Q

name all the quarks

A

up
down
strange
charm
top
bottom

35
Q

what are hadrons

A

groups of quarks

36
Q

meson definition

A

formed from quark-antiquark pairs

37
Q

baryon definition

A

formed from 3 quark or 3 antiquarks

38
Q

why can quarks not exist alone

A

if two quarks move apart, energy is required. the further they move apart, the more energy must be put in. this energy, however, does not break the forces between the quarks but instead is converted into mass and produces a new quark

39
Q

what baryon number does a anti-quark have

A

-1/3

40
Q

what quarks does a proton consist of

A

uud (up up down)

41
Q

what quarks does a neutron consist of

A

udd (up down down)

42
Q

what is a virtual particle

A

they cannot be detected during their transfer between particles because detection would mean that it is no longer acting as a mediator between the particles

43
Q

what is the purpose of a gauge boson

A

they mediate (or transmit) forces between particles; the larger the mass, the shorter the range

44
Q

what hold hadrons together

A

gluons
gluons are in-between

45
Q

what is the purpose of gluons

A

to hold hadrons together

46
Q

what keep a number of hadrons together

A

pions (pi mesons)
pions are across

47
Q

what do W+ and W- bosons do

A

they transfer charge between weak interaction

48
Q

what do Z0 bosons do

A

they transfer momentum and energy

49
Q

what is conserved during any vertex (interaction between particles)

A
  • charge
  • lepton number
  • baryon number
  • mass-energy
  • momentum
  • strangeness is only conserved with strong interactions (between quarks)
50
Q

what is the Higgs boson

A

the reason by which particles acquire mass. particles gain mass by interacting with this boson. due to its high mass a great deal of energy was required to produce the Higgs boson

51
Q

what fundamental force acts on quarks (not leptons)

A

strong nuclear force

52
Q

what fundamental force acts on leptons and quarks

A

weak nuclear force

53
Q

what is a beta particle’s range in air

A

30cm

54
Q

how do you convert eV to J

A

times by 1.6 x 10^ –19

55
Q

how do you convert J to eV

A

divide by 1.6 x 10^ –19

56
Q

how do you convert MeV to eV

A

times by 10^6

Physics (13 decks)

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