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IB Physics SL > Topic 7 - Atomic, nuclear and particle physics > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Atomic, nuclear and particle physics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are feynman diagrams used for?

A

To show particle interactions or transformations.

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2
Q

What are the 4 Fundamental Forces

A
  1. Gravitational force
  2. Electrostatic force
  3. The Strong Force
  4. Weak Force
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3
Q

What are the conservation laws?

A
  • charge must be conserved
  • baryon number must be conserved
  • lepton number must be conserved
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4
Q

What are the 2 fundamental particles?

A
  • Hadrons (affected by the strong force, made of quarks)

- Leptons (not affected by the strong force, not made of quarks)

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5
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An isotope has the same proton number but different nucleon number than the mother element.

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6
Q

What is an alpha- particle composed of?

A

Two protons and two neutrons.

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7
Q

Definition: Half Life

A

The time it takes for half the initial atoms/ nuclei to decay.

The time it takes for the activity of a radioactive sample to decrease by 50%

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8
Q

“The existence of atomic energy levels is supported by…”

A

evidence from emission and absorption spectra

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9
Q

How are emission and absorption spectra formed?

A

When electrons in an atom move between energy levels.

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10
Q

5 correct statements about the Strong interaction:

A
  • One of the 4 fundamental forces
  • Range: 10^-15 m
  • Binds atomic nuclei
  • Acts on quarks and gluons
  • Mediating particle: gluon
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11
Q

What are photons?

A

Photons are massless, uncharged particles that carry energy.

They are also emitted during gamma decay.

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12
Q

On the graph that shows how average binding energy per nucleon varies with nucleon number, the most stable elements can be found:

A

around the maximum point of the graph.

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13
Q

“A positron is emitted together with a …. and an electron is emitted together with an…”

A

A positron is emitted together with a neutrino and an electron is emitted together with an antineutrino”

(1 anti-particle and 1 regular particle”)

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14
Q

How do you find the number of wavelength’s in the absorption spectrum of an atom?

A

The number of wavelengths/ lines in the spectrum is equal to the number of different possible energy level transitions.

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15
Q

Types of Lepton (6)

A

electron (- charge), electron neutrino (0 charge)
muon (-), muon neutrino(0)
tauon(-), tauon neutrino (0)

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16
Q

5 things to know about the Higgs Boson Model:

A
  • It was predicted before it was observed
  • It is part of the Standard Model
  • It is not a force-mediating particle/gauge boson
  • It has a large mass
  • It has no charge
17
Q

What are Mesons composed of ? ( + two examples)

A

All mesons are composed of 1 quark and 1 anti-quark and have a baryon number of zero

pion π
kaon K

18
Q

“The Rutherford- Geiger Mardsen Experiment found that… (2 things)”

A

Almost all of the atom’s mass is concentrated in a very small region of the atom.

This small region is positively charged.

19
Q

What is the SI unit of radioactivity?

A

The bequerel (Bq)

20
Q

How are emission spectrum formed?

A

When electrons transition from higher to lower energy levels.

21
Q

What is the relationship between wavelength, frequency and energy

A

Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency and energy.

22
Q

Total binding energy

A

The total binding energy of a nucleus is the mass defect multiplied by c^2
The total energy needed to separate the nucleons of a given nucleus.

23
Q

What is mass defect?

A

The difference between the sum of the individual masses of the isotope’s constituents and the rest mass of the isotope.

24
Q

What is the ratio of decayed to undecayed nuclides in a radioactive sample after one half-life?

A

The ratio is 1

25
Q

What are the respective quark compostitions of a proton and a neutron?

A

proton: u u d
neutron: u d d

26
Q

What happens during beta minus decay?

A

A neutron decays into a proton and a W- boson (carrier) which decays into an electron and an anti electron neutrino

27
Q

What does the nucleon number (at the top show)?

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

28
Q

The Rutherford-Geiger-Mardsen scattering experiment provided evidence for a new model of the atom.

Describe this model.

A

The atom has a very small positively charged nucleus that contains almost all the mass of the atom.

Negatively charged electrons orbit the nucleus.

29
Q

Explain why, based on classical physics, electrons would not orbit the nucleus.

A

An electron in orbit performs circular motion.

During circular motion, the electron is accelerated.

When an electron is accelerated, it loses energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.

As a result, the electron would get closer and closer to the nucleus and eventually spiral into the nucleus.

IB Physics SL (8 decks)

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