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Edexcel GCSE Biology > Topic 7- Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Topic 7- Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

Which cells in the nervous system detect changes?

A

receptor cells

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2
Q

Sense organs contain receptors cells. Give one example of a sense organ.

A

e.g. eye, ear, nose, tongue, skin

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3
Q

Which parts of the body cause the response to a stimulus?

A

effectors

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4
Q

Give an example of an effector.

A

one of: muscle, gland

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5
Q

In what form is information transmitted in the nervous system?

A

(electrical) impulses

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6
Q

How are soluble chemical substances (e.g. digested food molecules) carried around the body?

A

in the blood/plasma

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7
Q

Name one hormone produced in the male reproductive system.

A

testosterone

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8
Q

Name one hormone produced by ovaries.

A

one of: oestrogen, progesterone

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9
Q

Which general name is given to an organ that responds to a hormone?

A

target organ

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10
Q

What effect do hormones have on organs that respond to them?

A

change how the organ is working

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11
Q

What is the name for a gland that produces a hormone?

A

endocrine gland

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12
Q

Name the organ that produces oestrogen.

A

ovary

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13
Q

Name the organ at the base of the brain that produces many hormones.

A

pituitary gland

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14
Q

What is the name for an organ that is affected by a hormone?

A

target organ

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15
Q

Name an organ that is affected by growth hormone.

A

bones/muscles

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16
Q

How do hormones travel around the body?

A

in the blood

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17
Q

Which hormone brings about changes in a boy’s body during puberty?

A

testosterone

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18
Q

Higher and Triple only- Where is adrenalin made?

A

adrenal glands

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19
Q

Higher and Triple only- Describe one effect of adrenalin on the body.

A

any suitable effect, such as: increases heart rate, increases breathing rate, increases blood pressure, increases blood sugar concentration, dilates pupils

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20
Q

Higher and Triple only- What is the role of thyroxine in the body?

A

to control metabolic rate

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21
Q

What name is given to a substance produced in the body that changes how its target organs work?

A

hormone

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22
Q

Name the endocrine gland that produces testosterone.

A

testis/testes

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23
Q

How does testosterone get from where it is made to its target organs?

A

in blood

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24
Q

Name the hormone that produces changes in girls as they become women.

A

oestrogen

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25
Q

Higher and Triple only- In which gland is thyroxine produced?

A

thyroid gland

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26
Q

Higher and Triple only- What is the function of thyroxine in the body?

A

controls metabolic rate

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27
Q

Higher and Triple only-Which hormone controls the fight or flight response?

A

adrenalin

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28
Q

Higher and Triple only- Which term describes when a change in a system causes the opposite change, returning the system to a normal level?

A

negative feedback

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29
Q

What name is given to the cycle of changes in a woman’s reproductive system that happens every month?

A

menstrual cycle

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30
Q

What name is given to methods that prevent fertilisation?

A

contraception

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31
Q

Which term describes the cycle of changes in a woman’s body that happens about every 28 days?

A

menstrual cycle

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32
Q

On approximately which day of the menstrual cycle is an egg cell released from an ovary?

A

day 14

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33
Q

Name two hormones that help to control the menstrual cycle.

A

two of: oestrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH

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34
Q

State where oestrogen is produced.

A

ovaries

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35
Q

How do changes in the blood concentrations of oestrogen and progesterone trigger menstruation?

A

decrease.

36
Q

Which term describes any method used to reduce the chance of pregnancy?

A

contraception

37
Q

Give one example of a physical barrier method of contraception.

A

any one suitable method, such as: condom, diaphragm/cap

38
Q

Which endocrine organ produces the hormones FSH and LH?

A

pituitary gland

39
Q

A surge in blood concentration of which hormone triggers the release of an egg from an ovary?

A

LH

40
Q

Which three-letter abbreviation is used to describe a method of increasing the chance of pregnancy by fertilising an egg cell outside the body?

A

IVF

41
Q

In the menstrual cycle, what usually happens at about day 14?

A

ovulation

42
Q

What change in the concentrations of oestrogen and progesterone causes menstruation?

A

Concentrations of both hormones decres menstruation? (Concentrations of both hormones decrease.

43
Q

How does use of a condom during sexual activity help to reduce the risk of pregnancy?

A

prevents sperm reaching the egg

44
Q

How does the combined contraceptive pill help to reduce the risk of pregnancy?

A

one of: contains hormones that prevent ovulation/reduces chance of sperm reaching egg

45
Q

Higher and Triple only- A surge in concentration of which hormone triggers ovulation?

A

LH

46
Q

Higher and Triple only- Which hormone stimulates the growth and maturation of an egg follicle?

A

FSH

47
Q

Higher and Triple only- Which hormone treatment can be given to women who rarely ovulate, to increase their chance of ovulation?

A

clomifene therapy

48
Q

Which term means maintaining a constant internal environment?

A

homeostasis

49
Q

What effect does eating food have on blood glucose concentration?

A

increases

50
Q

What effect does exercise have on blood glucose concentration?

A

decreases

51
Q

Which hormone(s) control(s) blood glucose concentration?

A

insulin, [Higher + Triple only- glucagon]

52
Q

Which endocrine gland produces this hormone/H these hormones?

A

pancreas

53
Q

What happens to glucose taken into liver cells as a response to a hormone?

A

changed to glycogen

54
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes?

A

no insulin produced

55
Q

What type of treatment must someone with type 1 diabetes have for the rest of their lives?

A

injection of insulin

56
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes?

A

either not enough insulin produced, or insulin target cells do not respond properly

57
Q

Which hormone reduces blood glucose concentration?

A

insulin

58
Q

What are the target cells for insulin?

A

liver and muscle cells

59
Q

What is the condition in which a person does not produce insulin?

A

type 1 diabetes

60
Q

What is the condition in which a person does not produce enough insulin or their target cells do not respond properly to it?

A

type 2 diabetes

61
Q

What effect does exercise have on blood glucose concentration?

A

reduces it

62
Q

What might a doctor suggest diabetics reduce in their diet?

A

sugar/glucose

63
Q

How is body mass correlated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?

A

positive correlation/risk increases as mass increases

64
Q

How does the body respond to being too cold?

A

shivering/goosebumps/reduction of blood flow near the skin

65
Q

How does the body respond to being too hot?

A

sweating/increased blood flow near the skin

66
Q

Triple only- Which term means control of body temperature?

A

thermoregulation

67
Q

Triple only- Which part of the body monitors and controls body temperature?

A

hypothalamus

68
Q

Triple only- In which layer of the skin are sweat glands?

A

dermis

69
Q

Triple only- How does sweat on the skin help to cool the body?

A

It evaporates/transfers ‘heat’ from body to surroundings.

70
Q

Triple only- What causes goosebumps?

A

contraction of hair erector muscles

71
Q

Triple only- Which term means narrowing of blood vessels?

A

vasoconstriction

72
Q

Triple only- When the body is too cold, what happens to increase the release of energy inside the body, causing warming?

A

shivering of muscles

73
Q

Triple only- What effect would too high a body temperature have on enzymes?

A

slow or stop them working

74
Q

Triple only- Name two organs of the urinary system.

A

any two from: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

75
Q

Triple only- Which term means control of body water content?

A

osmoregulation

76
Q

Triple only- What is controlled during osmoregulation?

A

body water content

77
Q

Triple only- How does osmoregulation protect animal cells?

A

prevents too much gain/loss of water [which could damage their membranes or stop processes in the cytoplasm from working]

78
Q

Triple only- Which body system contains these organs: bladder, ureters, kidneys?

A

urinary/excretory system

79
Q

Triple only- In which organ is urine made?

A

kidneys

80
Q

Triple only- In which organ is urea made?

A

liver

81
Q

Triple only- What does urea come from?

A

breakdown of excess amino acids

82
Q

Triple only- Which treatment for kidney failure exchanges substances between the blood and a fluid to restore normal blood concentrations?

A

dialysis

83
Q

Triple only- Name one other treatment for kidney failure.

A

transplant

84
Q

Triple only- Which two processes produce urine inside the kidney?

A

filtration and reabsorption

85
Q

Triple only- ADH is the hormone that controls the amount of water that leaves the body in urine. Where is ADH produced?

A

pituitary gland

Edexcel GCSE Biology (9 decks)

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