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Biology Paper 2 > Topic 7 Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Topic 7 Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers

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2
Q

How are hormones sent around the body?

A

Hormones are directly released in to the blood

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3
Q

What do the hormones effect?

A

The target organ

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4
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

Glands
Endocrine glands that make up the endocrine system

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5
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Regulates body conditions
Can also control other glands production of hormones

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6
Q

What does the thyroid produce and do?

A

Produces thyroxine that regulates the rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature

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7
Q

What does the adrenal gland produce and do?

A

Produces adrenaline for a ‘flight or fight’ response

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8
Q

What does the pancreas release and why?

A

Produces insulin to regulate blood glucose levels

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9
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

Produces oestrogen involved in the menstrual cycle

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10
Q

What do the testes produce.

A

Produces testosterone controlling puberty and sperm production

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11
Q

What is the differences between nerves and hormones?

A

Nerves- very fast, act in a short time, precise area
Hormones- slower action, long lasting, general area

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12
Q

What does adrenaline do in the heart?

A

Binds to specific receptor
Causes the muscle to contract more frequently with more force, increasing blood pressure
Increases blood flow= more respiration

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13
Q

What does adrenaline do in the liver?

A

Binds to receptors
Causes the break down of glycogen to release glucose
Increases blood glucose levels

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14
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When the body detects that the level of a substance has gone above or below normal levels, it triggers a response to bring it back to normal

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15
Q

What happens when blood thyroxine levels are too low?

A

Hypothalamus stimulates a release of TRH
TRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release TSH
TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine

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16
Q

What happens when blood thyroxine levels are too high?

A

The hypothalamus stops the production of TRH
Which reduces the production TSH
Thus lowering thyroxine levels back to normal

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17
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

The monthly release of an egg

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18
Q

What happens in stage 1 of the menstrual cycle.

A

The lining of the uterus breaks down

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19
Q

What happens in stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining builds back up
Thick and spongy
Ready for a fertilised egg to implant

20
Q

What happens in stage 3 of the menstrual cycle?

A

An egg develops and is released from the ovaries

21
Q

What happens in stage 4 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The lining is maintained for 14 days, until day 28
If no fertilised is implanted, the lining starts to break down and the cycle starts again

22
Q

What 4 hormones control the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH
Oestrogen
LH
Progesterone

23
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Causes an egg to mature
Stimulates oestrogen production

24
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow
High level=LH surge

25
Q

What does LH do?

A

LH surge stimulates ovulation
Remains of the follicle to develop into corpus luteum

26
Q

What does the corpus luteum release?

A

Progesterone

27
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Maintins lining of the uterus
Stops the release of FSH and LH

28
Q

What happens when progesterone levels fall?

A

Oestrogen levels fall
Uterus lining breaks down
Low progesterone levels allows FSH to increase
Cycle starts again

29
Q

What happens when a fertilised egg is implanted?

A

Progesterone levels stay high to maintain the lining throughout pregnancy

30
Q

What can a permanently high oestrogen do?

A

Prevents the production of FSH
Stoping egg development and production after a while

31
Q

What can thicken cervical mucus? And why?

A

Progesterone
To prevent sperm getting through

32
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment

33
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A store to glucose in the liver and muscles

34
Q

What happens to excess glucose that cannot be stored as glycogen?

A

Stored as lipids in the tissues

35
Q

What is added when glucose concentration is too high?

A

Insulin is released from the pancreas

36
Q

What is added when glucose concentration is too low?

A

Glucagon is released from the pancreas

37
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

A lack of insulin

38
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be treated?

A

Insulin therapy, injecting insulin

39
Q

What do people with type 1 diabetes need to think about?

A

Limiting food intake
Taking regular exercise, helps remove excess glucose

40
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

When a person is resistant to insulin

41
Q

What increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?

A

Being obese
BMI over 30

42
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

Mass/height ²

43
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

The process you body uses to keep its internal temperature steady

44
Q

Where is the thermoregulatory centre located?

A

In the hypothalamus

45
Q

Why does body temperature need to be kept at a constant?

A

For enzymes to work at there best.
Too cool- slows them down
Too hot- cause denaturing and to not work at all

46
Q

What happens when you are too hot?

A

Erector muscles relax- hairs lie flat
Sweat glands- lots of sweat which can be evaporated transferring the energy to the environment
Blood vessels dilate (vasodilation)- widen for more blood flow to the surface to transfer more of the energy out

47
Q

What happens when you are too cold?

A

Erector muscles contract- hairs stand up trapping a layer of insulating air near the surface
Very little sweat produced
Blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction)- less blood flow, less energy transfered
Shivering- muscles contracting, increases rate of respiration, transferring more energy in

Biology Paper 2 (4 decks)

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