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Biology - Paper 2 > Topic 7 - Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Endocrine glands located above the kidneys that produce adrenaline.

Adrenaline is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.

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2
Q

Adrenaline

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that is involved in the ‘fight or flight’ response. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to muscles and blood glucose levels.

Example sentence: The surge of adrenaline helped the individual run faster.

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3
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

A

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that increases the collecting duct’s permeability to water, allowing more water to be reabsorbed into the blood.

ADH helps regulate water balance in the body.

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4
Q

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

A

A fertility treatment in which a woman’s eggs are handled outside of the body.

ART can include procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).

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5
Q

Barrier method

A

A type of contraception that prevents the sperm and egg meeting, e.g. condoms, diaphragms.

Barrier methods are non-hormonal forms of birth control.

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6
Q

Body mass index (BMI)

A

A value based on height and mass used to categorise an individual as underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese. It is calculated using:

Dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by their height in meters squared.

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7
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

The cup-like structure at the start of a nephron that surrounds the glomerulus. Small molecules, water and ions are forced into the Bowman’s capsule during filtration.

Example sentence: The Bowman’s capsule collects filtrate from the glomerulus.

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8
Q

Clomifene

A

A drug prescribed to women who do not ovulate regularly. It stimulates the secretion of more FSH and LH, triggering egg production and ovulation.

Example sentence: Clomifene is commonly used in fertility treatments.

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9
Q

Collecting duct

A

The final section of the nephron in which water is selectively reabsorbed and urine is sent to the ureter. Its permeability to water is altered by ADH.

Example sentence: The collecting duct plays a crucial role in water balance.

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10
Q

Combined pill

A

A contraceptive taken orally that contains both oestrogen and progesterone.

Example sentence: Many women find the combined pill to be an effective form of birth control.

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11
Q

Contraception

A

A method or device used to prevent pregnancy.

No example sentence provided.

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12
Q

Contraceptive injection

A

An injection that releases progesterone into the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy.

No example sentence provided.

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13
Q

Contraceptive patch

A

A patch that releases both oestrogen and progesterone into the bloodstream through the skin to prevent pregnancy.

No example sentence provided.

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14
Q

Corpus luteum

A

A temporary endocrine structure, formed from the remains of the follicle, that secretes progesterone.

No example sentence provided.

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15
Q

Dermis

A

The layer of tissue below the epidermis. It contains temperature-sensitive receptors (that provide information about the external temperature) and sweat glands.

The example sentence is: ‘The dermis is responsible for temperature regulation.’

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16
Q

Diabetes

A

A condition where the homeostatic control of blood glucose levels stops working.

No example sentence provided.

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17
Q

Dialysis

A

A medical procedure that artificially filters the blood of patients with kidney failure. It relies on a partially permeable membrane between the patient’s blood and dialysis fluid.

No example sentence provided.

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18
Q

Effector

A

An organ, tissue, or cell that produces a response to a stimulus.

No example sentence provided.

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19
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

No example sentence provided.

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20
Q

Endocrine system

A

A network of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

No example sentence provided.

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21
Q

Epidermis

A

The outer layer of the skin. It contains temperature-sensitive receptors that provide information about the external temperature.

The example sentence is: ‘The epidermis is the first line of defense against external factors.’

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22
Q

Fight or flight response

A

A physiological reaction that occurs in response to stress where the body prepares to confront danger or flee from it.

No example sentence provided.

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23
Q

Filtration

A

The removal of small molecules, water and ions from the blood in the glomerulus of the kidney at high pressure.

No example sentence provided.

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24
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that binds to follicle cells, stimulating them to mature and secrete oestrogen.

No example sentence provided.

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25
Q

Glomerulus

A

A bundle of capillaries located in the capsule of a nephron adapted for the filtration of blood.

No example sentence provided.

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26
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose concentration is too low. It causes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

No example sentence provided.

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27
Q

Glycogen

A

A store of glucose in the liver and muscle tissues.

No example sentence provided.

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28
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body despite fluctuations in internal and external conditions.

No example sentence provided.

29
Q

Hormone

A

A cell signalling molecule produced by endocrine glands and released into the blood. It travels to a target organ and binds to receptors on effectors, initiating a response.

Example: Insulin

30
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A structure in the brain that contains the thermoregulatory centre. It coordinates information from the receptors and sends instructions to the effectors.

Example: Regulation of body temperature

31
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose concentration is too high. It causes liver and muscle cells to increase their uptake of glucose and the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver.

Example: Regulation of blood sugar levels

32
Q

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

A

The fertilisation of an egg using sperm outside of the body. The zygote is allowed to grow and the resulting embryo is transferred to the uterus.

33
Q

Kidney

A

One of a pair of organs in the abdomen that has a role in osmoregulation and nitrogenous excretion.

34
Q

Luteinising hormone (LH)

A

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that initiates ovulation and stimulates the development of the remains of the follicle into a corpus luteum.

35
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

The monthly cycle in women that involves the development of the uterus lining, ovulation, maintenance of the uterus lining and its shedding.

36
Q

Menstruation

A

The shedding of the uterus lining that begins at day 1 of the menstrual cycle.

37
Q

Metabolic rate

A

The rate at which biochemical reactions occur in cells.

38
Q

Mini-pill

A

An oral contraceptive that contains progesterone only.

39
Q

Negative feedback

A

A corrective mechanism that allows only small shifts from a set point, reversing a change in conditions.

40
Q

Nephron

A

The functional unit of the kidney.

41
Q

Oestrogen

A

A female sex hormone released by the ovaries that causes the growth and repair of the uterus lining. High levels of oestrogen stimulate a surge in LH production.

42
Q

Osmoregulation

A

The maintenance of constant water levels in the body fluids of an organism.

43
Q

Ovaries

A

A pair of endocrine glands in females that secrete oestrogen into the bloodstream.

44
Q

Ovulation

A

When an ovary releases an egg at around day 14 of the menstrual cycle.

45
Q

Pancreas

A

An endocrine gland situated behind the stomach that produces insulin.

46
Q

Pituitary gland

A

An endocrine gland that produces hormones which control other glands (e.g. adrenal glands). Often described as the ‘master gland’.

47
Q

Progesterone

A

A female sex hormone secreted by the corpus luteum that maintains the uterus lining. It also inhibits FSH and LH release.

48
Q

Receptor

A

A specialised structure that detects a specific type of stimulus.

Example: The taste buds on the tongue are receptors for detecting different flavors.

49
Q

Renal arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood to the kidneys.

None

50
Q

Renal veins

A

Blood vessels that drain the kidneys.

None

51
Q

Selective reabsorption

A

The selective reuptake of useful substances (all sugars, some water and some ions) into the blood. This takes place along the nephron.

None

52
Q

Shivering

A

The involuntary contraction of muscles which generates heat from respiration.

None

53
Q

Testes

A

A pair of endocrine glands in males which secrete testosterone into the bloodstream.

None

54
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The maintenance of core body temperature.

None

55
Q

Thermoregulatory centre

A

An area of the hypothalamus that regulates body temperature. It contains receptors sensitive to blood temperature.

None

56
Q

Thyroid gland

A

An endocrine gland located in the neck that produces thyroxine.

None

57
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

A

A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus when blood thyroxine levels are lower than normal. It stimulates the pituitary gland to release TSH.

None

58
Q

Thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine.

None

59
Q

Thyroxine

A

A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that controls metabolic rate, heart rate and temperature.

None

60
Q

Transplant

A

A medical procedure in which an organ or tissue in an individual is replaced.

None

61
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

A type of diabetes in which the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin. It is controlled using daily insulin injections, limiting refined sugar intake and getting regular exercise.

None

62
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

A type of diabetes in which a person develops insulin resistance or doesn’t produce enough insulin. It is often due to obesity and is controlled by eating a balanced diet and getting regular exercise.

None

63
Q

Urea

A

A chemical produced from the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver.

None

64
Q

Ureter

A

A tube that takes urine to the bladder from the kidneys.

None

65
Q

Urethra

A

A tube that releases urine from the bladder, out of the body.

None

66
Q

Urinary system

A

The body’s drainage system that removes waste materials. It consists of the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra.

None

67
Q

Urine

A

The waste product of the kidney that contains urea, excess water and excess ions.

None

68
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Constriction of blood vessels near the surface of the skin.Lessblood flows close to the skin surface, decreasing heat loss to the surroundings

69
Q

Vasodilation

A

Dilation of blood vessels near the surface of the skin. Allows blood to flow closer to skin surface, increasing heat loss to surroundings

Biology - Paper 2 (2 decks)

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