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A - Biology GCSE > Topic 7 - Animal coodination, control and homeostasis > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Animal coodination, control and homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are hormones produced

A

In endocrine glands which release into blood stream

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2
Q

What is the general role of hormones in the body

A

They control things in organs and cells that need constant adjustment

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3
Q

How are hormones transported around the body

A

They are chemical messengers released directly into the blood

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4
Q

What is produced by the pituitary gland

A

Produces many hormones that regulate body conditions

Master gland as hormones created act on other glands directing them to release hormones which create change

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5
Q

What is produced by the Thyroid gland

A

Produces thyroxine- regulate metabolism heart rate and temperature

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6
Q

What is produced by the Ovaries

A

Oestrogen- controls mentrual cycle

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7
Q

What is produced by the Adrenal Gland

A

Adrenaline- prepare body for fight or flight

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8
Q

What is produced by the Testes

A

Testosterone- controls puberty and sperm production in males

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9
Q

What is produced by the Pancreas

A

Insulin which regulates blood glucose concentration

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10
Q

How does adrenaline prepare body for fight or flight

A

Activates processed that increase supply of oxygen and glucose to cells by binding to receptors in heart and liver to increase blood pressure glucose concentration and respiration

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11
Q

What does your brain send in stressful situation

A

nervous impulses to adrenal gland to secrete adrenaline

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12
Q

What is a metabolic rate

A

The speed chemical reactions occur in the body

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13
Q

What is the effect of thyroxine on metabollic rate? and a negative feedback system

A

When thyroxine level is too LOW, hypothalamus releases TRH which stmulate the pitauitary gland making TSH which stimulates the release of thyroxine to get level in blood back to normal

If too HIGH the release or TRH from the hypothalamus is inhibited, which reduces production of TSH so blood thyroxine level falls

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14
Q

What is a negative feedback system

A

When body detects level of substance has gone above of below the normal it triggers a response to bring it back down to normal again. eg Thyroxine

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15
Q

What happens in the menstrual cycle

A

Stage 1- menstruation - Lining of uterus breaks down and is released

Stage 2- uterus lining is repaired (4-14) becomes thick layer of blood vessels

Stage 3- day 14 is ovulation egg released from ovary

Stage 4- lining (endometrium) is maintained until day 28 if no fertilised egg landed on uterus by then lining breaks down

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16
Q

What does Oestrogen do in the menstrual cycle

A

Causes uterus lining to thicken and grow

high level stimulates LH surge

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17
Q

What does progesterone do

A

released by corpus luteum after ovulation it maintains lining of uterus
when low level lining breaks down

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18
Q

How can barrier methods be used as contraception

A

condoms stop the sperm meeting the egg and fertilising it.

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19
Q

How can hormones be used as a contraception

A

Oestrogen can prevent release of egg if levels are very high which is why pill must be taken everyday to inhibit production of FSH so egg development stops. `

Progesterone reduces fertility by producing thick cervical mucus which which stops sperm getting through.

20
Q

List the 4 hormones used in the mentrual cycle, what they do and what the lead/inhibit release of, what theyre released by

A

FSH- released by pituitary gland

  • causes egg to mature
  • stimulates oestrogen production

Oestrogen- released by ovaries

  • causing lining of uterus to thicken and grow
  • high level stimulates LH surge

LH- by pituaitary gland

  • stimulates ovulation
  • makes follicle develop into corpus luteum
  • corpus luteum secretes progesterone

Progesterone- by corpus luteum after ovulation

  • maintains uturus lining
  • inhibits release of FSH and LH
  • when at low level: lining breaks down and FSH increases
21
Q

How are hormones used in Clomifene to stimulate ovulation

A

By taking clomifene drug you are increasing your FSH and LH levels which stimulate egg maturation and ovulation
the women will then be ovulating and can have intercourse during this time to improve chance of being pregnant

22
Q

How are hormones used in IVF treatment

A
  • person takes FSH and LH before collection so more than 1 egg can be collected
  • collecting eggs from ovaries and fertilising them in a lab with the male sperm
  • when they have grown into embryos one of two are transferred into uterus to improve chance of pregnancy
23
Q

why is IVF an example of assisted reproductive technology

A

Because it involves eggs being fertilised outside body

24
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment

25
Q

why is maintaining a constant internal environment important

A

because you cells need the right conditions to function properly including rate of enzyme action.
it is dangerous for conditions to vary too much

26
Q

What is the role of insulin in regulating blood glucose concentration

A

Too bring blood glucose levels down from high concentration to normal

27
Q

what does the body do if blood glucose levels are too high

A
  • Insulin is secreted by pancreas
  • glucose moves from blood to liver cells
  • insulin makes liver turn glucose into glygogen
28
Q

what does the body do if blood glucose levels are too low

A
  • glucagon is secreted by pancreas,

- glucagon makes liver turn glycogen into glucose

29
Q

What other factors remove glucose from the blood

A

normal metabolism
exercise moves lots of glucose from blood as its used for respiration
excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles or when full as lipids and fat in tissues

30
Q

What is type 1 diabetes caused by

A
  • lack of insulin
  • persons body produces little to no insulin which means blood glucose levels can rise
  • they can be treated with insulin therapy by taking insulin before a meal so glucose is removed from blood quickly
31
Q

Other than insulin therapy what other ways can a person with type 1 diabetes think about to stay healthy

A
  • limit intake of foods high in simple carbohydrates

- regular exercise

32
Q

What is type 2 diabetes caused by

A
  • A person has become resistant to insulin
  • pancreas doesnt produce enough insulin when people become resistant to insulin usually in corrolation to obesity as body stores excess fat in abdomen.
33
Q

How can some one with type 2 diabetes be treated

/ improve lifestyle choices

A
  • healthy diet
  • regular exercise
  • losing wait
  • medication /insulin injection
34
Q

What does thermoregulation mean

A

process of maintaining an internal temperature for enzymes to work best at
(usually around 37degrees)

35
Q

where is the thermoregulatory center

A

in the hypothalamus in the brain-

conatins receptors which are sensitive to blood temperature in the brain.

36
Q

what does your body do if youre too hot

A
  • erector muscles relax so hairs lie flat and not trapped air and increase air flow on surface
  • lots of sweat is produced in dermis
  • this is released through pores on surface of skin
  • when it evaporates heat is lost to environment
  • blood vessels dilate through vasodilation to allow more blood flow to the surface which cools you
37
Q

what does your body do if youre too cold

A
  • erector muscles contract so hairs trap air to keep you warm
  • little sweat it produced so pores close
  • blood vessels constrict through vasoconstriction so less energy lost to surroundings
  • shivering increases respiration which keeps you warm
38
Q

What is osmoregulation

A

regulating water content

39
Q

why is regulating water content important

A

because if levels are too high then water will move into the body cells by osmosis and if theres too much then cells may burst
if too low- water will move out of cells by osmosis and cause cells to shrink

40
Q

which organ helps to regulate body water content and how

3 main roles of the kidney

A

Kidneys-

  • removes urea from blood which is produced by liver from breakdown of amino acids
  • adjust ion levels in the blood
  • adjust water content

they do this by filtering stuff at high pressure and reabsorbing things, waste is carried out in urine

41
Q

What do nephones do

A

filter out certain substances
-liquid part of blood containing urea, ions, water and glucose is forced out of glomerulus and into bowmans capsule at high pressure

42
Q

which substances are selectively reabsorbed

A

glucose- back into blood against concentration gradient

  • sufficient ions
  • sufficient water depending on level of ADH
43
Q

Which substances continue out of nephron to collecting duct

A

urea, excess water and ions pass out of ureter and down to bladder as urine and out of urethra

44
Q

Explain the water content negative feedback system

A

more water- brain detects pituitary gland releases less ADH, less ADH means kidney reabsorbs less water

less water- brain detects, pituitary releases more ADH ADH makes kidney reabsorb more water

45
Q

How does a kidney dialysis filter blood mechanically

A
  • kidney dialysis machine filters blood for people who have kidney failure
  • done regularly to keep dissolved substances at right concentrations
  • dialysis fluid has the same concentration of glucose and salts as blood plasma
  • the selectively permeable barrier filters out ions and waste substances but not large proteins and cells
46
Q

Describe the pros and cons of a kidney transplant

A

+ lasts forever you dont have to keep having dialysis

  • body can reject the kidney
  • hard to find a donor with a tissue type to match patient
  • can be attacked by antibodies (drugs are taken to reduce this)

A - Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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