Topic 7 Flashcards
Clinical features of Spondyloarthropathies
Men > Women are affected, race also plays a role
Positive family history
Usual onset late teens - early 20s but may also present earlier in
childhood or at an older age
Approximately 50% of patients with acute anterior uveitis test positive for HLA-B27, and more than half of them have some form of spondyloarthropathy.
What are the features of Spondyloarthropathies
Radiographic sacroiliitis with or without accompanying spondylitis
Variable inflammatory peripheral arthritis and enthesopathy
Association with chronic inflammatory bowel disease
Association with psoriasis and other mucocutaneous lesions
Tendency for anterior ocular inflammation
Increased familial incidence
Occasional aortitis and heart block
No association with rheumatoid factor
Strong association with HLA-B27
Classification of Spondyloarthropathies
Inflammatory spinal pain with at least 4 of the following components:
- 3 months duration
- Onset before the age of 45
- Insidious gradual onset
- Impreoved with exercise
- Morning spinal stiffness
General features of ankylosing spondylitis
Affects young people, 26yo
Men >women, with a ratio of roughly 2 to 1.1
About 80% of patients develop the first symptoms at an age younger than 30 years, and less than 5% of patients present at older than 45 years.
There is a correlation between the prevalence of HLA B27 and the
disease.
Clinical features of Ankylosing spondylitis
Back pain, bilateral or unilateral symmetric sacroilitis
Pain in morning which goes away with activity and worse with rest
Spinal stiffness and loss of ROM, from inflammation and structural damage (osteoproliferation not osteodestruction)
Syndesmophytes and ankylosis, Low bone density, osteoporosis, and an increased rate of fractures, reduced chest expansion
May have mild constitutional symptoms - malaise, loss of appetite, fever
Diagnosing ankylosing spondylitis
Classic features of chronic inflammatory back pain
-insidious onset before 45 years of age,
- worsening with inactivity, and improvement with physical exercise
- are not very specific.
History of acute anterior uveitis, positive family history, or loss ROM or impaired chest expansion further supports diagnosis
Other clinical indicators
-presence of enthesitis, with resultant tenderness
Criteria for diagnosing AS
1) Low back pain for at least 3 months, improved by exercise and was not relieved by rest
2) Limited lumbar spinal motion in sagittal and frontal planes (sideways, forward and backward)
3) Chest expansion decreased relative to normal value for sex and age
4) Bilateral/unilateral sacroiliitis
* definite if criteria 4 (radiologic hallmark) and any one of the others
Clinical features of reactive arthritis
Aseptic peripheral arthritis occurring within 1 month of a primary infection, usually genitourinary.
Typically acute, asymmetric, and oligoarticular and is frequently
associated with one or more:
- ocular inflammation (conjunctivitis or acute iritis);
- enthesitis (Achilles tendonitis and plantar fasciitis);
- dactylitis (“sausage digits”);
- mucocutaneous lesions;
- urethritis, cervicitis; and,
- on rare occasions, carditis.
Clinical features of DISH
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis is a degenerative disorder affecting mostly older subjects (48–85 years old) and M>F (65%)
No specific marker has been found in the HLA system
But the positive familial tendency, and often associated with type II diabetes.
Characterised by a tendency to ossify and/or calcify ligamentous insertions, tendons, ligaments and fasciae in both the axial and the appendicular skeleton.
What are the causes of bone overproduction in the axial skeleton
DISH Spondylosis Seronegative spondyloarthritis Acromegaly Fluorosis Ochronosis Neuroarthropathies Trauma
Distinctive signs of DISH
1) vertebral bodies, paravertebral ossification, large osteophytes, bone ankylosis
2) intervertebral discs, normal or slightly reduced height
3) interapophyseal joints, normal or slightly sclerotic
4) peripheral skeleton, para articular osteophytes, whiskering, calcification/ossification of ligaments, hyperostosis
Most common symptoms of DISH
The most common symptoms associated with DISH involved with the
spine are rigidity, decreased mobility, spinal column pain and dysphagia from esophageal compression.
Diagnostic features of DISH
- Flowing ossification of at least four continguous segments
- Disc height is relatively normal
- Facets and SI joints are normal
Clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis
Progressive and irreversible damage (bilaterally symmetric) of the synovial-lined joints
Loss of joint space, deformity of small synovial joints, hands etc
Periarticular swelling, Inflammation signs
Joint pain progressive, intermittent, restricted ROM, worse in morning
Late stage arthritis mutilans
Criteria for clinical presentation of rheumatoid arthritis
1) morning stiffness
2) arthritis of three or more joint areas
3) arthritis of hand joints
4) symmetric arthritis
5) rheumatoid nodules
6) serum rheumatoid factor
7) radiographic changes
* 1-4 must be present for at least 6 weeks
