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JHY retrieval practice > Topic 7 > Flashcards

Topic 7 Flashcards

1
Q

How is the mechanism of shivering involved in thermoregulation?

A

When the surround temperature is low, skeletal muscles contract involuntarily
Making the body shiver, so more heat is produced from increased respiration

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2
Q

Why can the wave of electrical impulse not pass directly from the atria to the ventricles?

A

There is a band of non conductive tissue preventing this.

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3
Q

What does the electrocardiograph show?

A

Records changes in electrical charge using electrodes placed on chest

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4
Q

What is a prosthesis?

A

An artificial device used to replace damaged or missing body parts

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5
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

diffusion of h+ ions along a concentration gradient through a selective permeable membrane via atp synthase to generate ATP

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6
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

Direct transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another.

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7
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of internal membranes that run through the sarcoplasm.
They store and release calcium ions

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8
Q

Why is ATP required for muscle contraction?
Hint: What does ATP carry?

A

Hydrolysis of ATP provides energy to move the myosin head which pulls the actin along.
It also provides energy to break the cross bridge so the myosin head detaches to allow binding to the next binding site

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9
Q

What happens to lactate after a period of anaerobic respiration?

A

Lactate is oxidised back into pyruvate and it is directly oxidised into CO2 and H2O via Krebs Cycle, releasing energy to synthesise ATP. Some lactate is converted to glycogen and stored in muscle or liver cells.

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10
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Attach muscles to bone, enables muscles to power joint movement. it is inelastic

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11
Q

What is stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle each time it contracts

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12
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

Cell cytoplasm

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13
Q

What are the products of the link reaction?

A

Acetyl coenzyme A
CO2
NADH

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14
Q

What controls the heart rate ?

A

The cardiovascular centre in the medulla oblungata

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15
Q

What is released from NADH and FADH2 when they are oxidised?

A

Hydrogen atoms

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16
Q

What is the T wave?

A

Repolarisation of the ventricles during the hearts relaxation phase

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17
Q

Describe how a 6C molecule is converted to a 5C molecule in the Krebs cycle ?

A

Decarboxylation occurs as a CO2 is removed. Dehydrogenation occurs, as a hydrogen is removed. The hydrogen is used to reduce NAD to NADH

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18
Q

What are the cruciate ligaments and how can they be fixed by keyhole surgery ?

A

Ligaments in the knee connecting the thigh bone to the lower leg. damaged cruciate ligaments are removed and replaced witha graft

19
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Attach bones to other bones, holding them together. Control and restricts the amount of movement in the joint (allowing movement). They are strong and flexible

20
Q

What is a transverse (T) tubules ?

A

T-tubules are formed by bits of the sarcolemma fold inwards into the sarcoplasm. They help to spread electrical impulses throughout the sarcoplasm so they reach all parts of the muscle fibre.

21
Q

What are the folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria called?

A

Cristae

22
Q

What happens when the actin-myosin binding site is exposed?

A

Myosin heads bind to the actin-myosin binding sites on actin forming cross bridges

23
Q

What are the Purkyne fibres?

A

Large specialised muscle fibres that conduct impulses rapidly to the apex of the ventricles

24
Q

What is the energy released from electrons as they move down their electron transport chain used for?

A

Used by electron carriers to pump H+ ions into the intermembrane space

25
Q

What coordinates the rhythmic sequence of contractions ?

A

sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes

26
Q

What is a positive feedback mechanism?

A

Amplifies the change from the normal level. It does not keep the internal environment stable so is not involved in homeostasis

27
Q

What is a microfibril?

A

Long, cylindrical organelles inside muscle fibres. each is made up of a series of contractile units called sarcomeres

28
Q

What happens to the actin-myosin binding site during muscle relaxation?

A

Blocked by tropomyosin which is held in place by troponin

29
Q

Describe and explain the changes that occur in blood distribution after a person has started to exercise.

A

Anticipatory rise in oxygen supply to muscles in prep for exercise due to effect of adrenaline in heart

30
Q

Define vital capacity
avg value for most people

A

Max vol of air that can be inhaled and exhaled.
3-4dm3

31
Q

how is vital capacity measured

A

using spirometer

32
Q

what happens during inhalation

A

impulses sent from ventilation centre to the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm muscles to contract

33
Q

what happens during exhalation

A

as lungs inflate stretch receptors in bronchioles are stimulated
send inhibitory impulses back to ventilation centre
which sends impulses to muscles to relax

34
Q

what is exhalation caused by

A

elastic recoil of lungs
gravity helping to lower ribs

35
Q

What are peptide hormones

A

hormones that are charged (cant pass through phospholipid bilayer)

36
Q

how do peptide hormones work

A

they bind to receptor molecules on cell membrane
activating a secondary messenger which affects gene transcription

37
Q

what are the examples of peptide hormones

A

Erythropoietin (EPO), HGH, Insulin

38
Q

What are steroid hormones

A

Hormones made of lipids that are permeable to the cell membrane and can pass through the phospholipid bilayer

39
Q

How do steroid hormones affect gene expression

A

They pass through the phospholipid bilayer and bind to receptor molecule in the cytoplasm of the effector cell
Forming hormone- receptor complex which acts as a transcription factor which can activate or deactivate specific genes.

40
Q

How is transcription started

A

in eukaryotic cells, genes are activated when a transcription initiation complex has bind to promoter region
this allows transcription to be initiated

41
Q

when is transcription prevented

A

when no transcription factor (tf) is synthesised
tf remains inactive ( could be wrong shape)
repressor molecule binds to the promoter region
repressor molecule binds to a Transcription Factor

42
Q

why

A

transcription initiation complex has not formed and attached to promoter region
due to lack of transcription factors or action of repressor molecule

43
Q

NAME THE glands, hormones at each gland and function of these hormones released

A

JHY retrieval practice (6 decks)

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