Topic 6-organic chemistry Flashcards
Stereoisomer
-same structural formula
-diff arrangement in space
Fractional distillation
-Diff boiling point
-due to diff chain length
Free radical substitution
homiletic bond fission, free radicals
Alcohol bp
-oh groups form hydrogen bond
-more E needed
Cracking
-release short chain alkane and alkene
-demand increased
Isomers
-branched chains
-low sa/less point of contact
-weaker London forces so less e needed
catalytic converter
2NO+2CO->N2+2CO2
cynide reaction
useful as increase carbon chain length
heating
-increase reaction rate
-sealed so products don’t escape
Rate of hydrolysis
-ethanol as solvent
-silver nitrate
-measure time taken for precipitate
-same temp and volume of halogen
How can small UV result in a big product
Radical recycled each time
UV and hydrogen
High bond enthalpy for hydrogen so radical not formed as UV not strong enough
Incineration
HCl produced
Toxic
Use of ethanol
It increases solubility of halogenoalkane/ dissolves haloalkane and water
How are halides present in halogenoalkanes
Hydrolysis of halogenoalkane results in heterolytic bond fission
Distillation
Not efficient as aldehydes are made due to having lower bp
Aldehydes condense back to further oxidise into carboxylic acid
Distillation-improvements
-Anti bumping granules to prevent formation of large bubbles + violent boiling by even distribution of heat
-Thermometer should be at the opposite entrance of condenser
-collect over the right bp range (±1 of bp)
-add more ice mixture to cool as sulphuric acid is very EXOTHERMIC
-conical flask should be open
-water in from the bottom
-reflux-prevent loss of volatile substances
-condenser should be OPEN (no stopper) but between condenser and flask should be closed
Burning with smoky flame
-Incomplete combustion
-less exothermic
Differences in energy change
delta H is a value with gaseous atoms, but real practicals might not be gaseous
Brown vapour in distillation and reflux
Bromine as Br oxidised by conc sulphuric acid
Fractional distillation
-Alkanes have diff bp
-due to diff carbon chain length
Side reaction in catalytic converter
-Might react with O2
-No might react with Co2
Homologous series
-Same functional group
-same general formular
-differ by Ch2
Bp of alcohol
-OH groups form hydrogen bonds
-More E needed
