topic 6 - organic chem I Flashcards
6.1 what is a hydrocarbon?
define saturated and unsaturated compounds with examples
a compound that only contains carbon and hydrogen atoms
saturated -
compound that only contains single bonds
unsaturated -
compound that contains at least 1 double bond
draw C2H6 for saturated and C2H4 for unsaturated
how to tell if a compound is organic or not?
contains carbon
it is based on a compound;s ability to form chains and therefore complex molecules
6.2 be able to represent organic molecules using empirical formulae, molecular
formulae, general formulae, structural formulae, displayed formulae and skeletal
formulae
on physical flashcard
6.3 know what is meant by the terms ‘homologous series’ and ‘functional group’
- give 2 properties of a homologous series
functional group -
an atom or group of atoms in a molecule that are responsible for giving it distinctive and predictable properties
eg - COOH that gives vinegar a sour acidic taste
homologous series -
a family of organic compounds that share the same functional group and differ by CH2 from the next member
1. similarity in chemical properties
- all alkanes produce carbon dioxide + water when burnt in oxygen
2. gradation in physical properties
- boiling temperature of the first 4 alcohols increase as the number of the atoms increase
6.4 IUPAC rules for nomenclature
- number of carbon atoms
- prefixes
- suffixes
- multiplying prefixes
- locants
number of carbon atoms = meth - 1 carbon atom
prefixes + suffixes = represent non carbon and hydrogen atoms - bromo = bromine atom and OH = hydroxyl group
multiplying prefixes = di (2), tri (3), tetra (4)
locants = show which carbon atom in the chain a group or atom is attached to
6.4 naming the code + prefixes for carbon up to C10
number code prefix
1 meth methyl
2 eth ethyl
3 prop propyl
4 but butyl
5 pent pentyl
6 hex hexyl
7 hept heptyl
8 oct octyl
9 non nonyl
10 dec decyl
6.4 steps on naming organic compounds using the IUPAC (5)
- count carbons in the longest continuous chain that has the functional group = STEM
- main functional group = ENDING
- number the carbon chains in the longest chain only
- the carbon attached to the functional group should be the lowest number possible
- write the number assigned to the functional group before the suffix
4 . any side chains or functional groups = PREFIX - more than 1 identical side chain pr functional group add di, tri etc..
6.4 alkane
6.4 alkene
6.4 halogenoalkane
6.4 alcohol
6.4 aldehyde
6.4 ketone
carboxylic acid
nitrile
amine
6.5
6.6 understand the term ‘structural isomerism’ and determine the possible structural, displayed and skeletal formulae of an organic molecule, given its molecular formula
- give the 3 different types
structural isomerism -
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
1. C chain - different arrangement of the carbon chain
2. position - different position of the functional group
3. functional group - different functional group
6.6 define chain isomers and draw examples (butane and methylpropane)
the carbon chains are arranged differently - different carbon skeletons
* on physical flashcard
6.6 define positional isomers and draw examples (1-bromopropane and 2-bromopropane) C3H7Br
the functional group is attached to the main chain in a different location
* on a physical flashcard
6.6 define functional group isomers and draw an example
C4H8 - alkene + cycloalkane
atoms are reassigned to give a different functional group
* on a physical flashcard
6.6 4 steps on drawing structural isomers
- draw carbon atoms in a straight line with bonds between them
- show the other atoms in as many different ways as possible, starting with atoms other than hydrogen
- branched chains of carbon atoms
- add atoms in as many ways possible
