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biology > topic 6 - human physiology > Flashcards

topic 6 - human physiology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two groups of organs that make up the digestive system?

A

alimentary canal

accessory organs

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2
Q

what is the alimentary canal

A

organs through which food actually passes (esophagus, stomach, small + large intestine)

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3
Q

what are the accessory organs?

A

aid in digestion, but do not actually transfer food (salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder)

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4
Q

what is the esophagus + what does it do

A

hollow tube connecting the oral cavity to the stomach

food is mixed with saliva then is moved in abolus via the action of peristalsis

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5
Q

what is a bolus?

A

soft mass of chewed food

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6
Q

what is the stomach

A

temporary storage tank where food is mixed by churning and protein digestion begins

lined by gastric pits that release digestive juices, creating an acidic environment

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7
Q

what is the small intestine

A

long, highly folded tube where usable food substances are absorbed

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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8
Q

what is the large intestine

A

final section of the alimentary canal

water and dissolved minerals are absorbed

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9
Q

purpose of salivary glands?

A

release saliva to moisten food

saliva contains amylase to initiate starch breakdown

parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland

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10
Q

purpose of pancreas?

A

produce a broad spectrum of enzymes that are released into the small intestine via the duodenum

secretes certain hormones (insulin, glucagon) which regular blood sugar concentrates

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11
Q

purpose of liver?

A

takes the raw materials absorbed by the small intestine and uses them to make key chemicals

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12
Q

purpose of gall bladder?

A

stores the bile produced by the liver (bile salts are used to emulsify rats)

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13
Q

what are the two types of digestion?

A

mechanical + chemical

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14
Q

what is mechanical digestion

A

food is physically broken down into smaller fragments

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15
Q

types of mechanical digestion?

A

chewing (mouth) - grinding action of teeth

churning (stomach) - muscles physically squeeze and mix the food with strong digestive juices (turns into chyme)

segmentation (small intestine): chyme is moved in both directions by the contraction + relaxation of nonadjacent segments of circular smooth muscle

peristalsis (esophagus): contraction of longitudinal smooth muscle, bolus/food moves unidirectionally

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16
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

food is broken down by the action of chemical agents

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17
Q

what is the difference between peristalsis and segmentation?

A

peristalsis: unididrectional movement along alimentary canal, contraction of sequential longitudinal muscles
segmentation: bidirectional movement within small intestine, contraction of nonsequential circular muscles

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18
Q

types / sites of chemical digestion?

A
  • stomach aicds (low pH environment which denature proteins)
  • bile (emulsification of fats into droplets)
  • enzymes (catalyze hydrolysis reactions)
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19
Q

why does the pancreas release alkaline compounds (ex. bicarbonate ions)

A

neutralize stomach acids as they enter the intestine as the intestine lacks the mucous membrane which protects the stomach

20
Q

what is pancreatic juice made of?

A 
proteases 
endopeptidases
amylase
nuclease
lipase
21
Q 
enzymatic digestion at the following locations? 
esophagus
stomach 
liver/gall bladder
pancreas
small intestine
A

esophagus:
- salivary amylase (starch – maltose)

stomach:

  • proteases (protein -> polypeptides)
  • stomach acids (chemical digestion)

liver/gall bladder

  • amylase (starch –> maltose)
  • lipase (triglycerides –> fatty acids)
  • endopeptidase (peptides –> amino acids)
  • nuclease (DNA/RNA –> nucleosides)
  • bicarbonate ions (neutralize stomach acids)

small intestine
- membrane bound enzymes (ex. maltase)

22
Q

features of villi?

A 
microvilli (SA: Vol up)
rich blood supply 
single layer epithelium
lacteals (absorb lipids)
intestinal glands (exocrine)
membrane proteins
23
Q

what organ is responsible for glucose storage

A

liver

24
Q

how is glucose stored

A

glycogen

25
Q

what organ regulates glucose uptake

A

pancreas

26
Q

how does amylase break down starch?

A

amylose is digested into maltose disaccharides

amylopectin is digested into dextrin chains

27
Q

what are the four main tissue layers of the small intestine?

A

serosa - protective outer covering
muscle layer - outer layer of longitudinal muscle, inner of circular muscle
sub mucosa - connective tissue, separates muscle layer from mucosa
mucosa - absorbs material from intestinal lumen

28
Q

what is the difference between what the small intestine absorbs vs what the large intestine absorbs?

A

small intestine: usable food substances

large intestine: water + dissolved minerals from indigestible food residues

29
Q

what features of the epithelial lining of villi optimize its capacity to absorb digested materials?

A

tight junctions (keep digested fluids separated from tissues, maintian concentration gradient)

microvilli (SA up)

mitochondria (epithelial cells of intestinal villi have a large number of mitochondria for ATP)

pinocytotic vesicles

30
Q

what is absorption?

A

movement of fluids or dissolved substances (such as nutrients) across a cellular membrane

absorbed components undergo assimilation within the cell to become fluid/solid parts of an organism

31
Q

what happens during absorption?

A

digested food monomers must pass from the lumen into the epithelial lining of the small intestine

32
Q

what are the different methods of membrane transport required to absorb different nutrients?

A

secondary active transport (glucose and amino acids are co-transported across the epithelial membrane with sodium ions)

facilitated diffusion (certain monosaccharides, vitamins, and some minerals may be transported by epithelial channel proteins)

osmosis

simple diffusion (hydrophobic materials are capable of freely diffusing across the epithelial membrane)

33
Q

what is endocytosis? why?

A

invagination of the plasma membrane to create an internal vesicle containing extracellular material

dissolved materials may be rapidly absorbed en masse via the process of pinocytosis (less time than shuttling via membrane proteins)

34
Q

summary of sugar absorption method?

A

glucose/galactose (digestive tract) –> cotransport (Na+) –> monosacchardies (epithelial cells of villi) –> facilitated diffusion –> capillary (vessel)

other sugars –> facilitated diffusion –> monosaccharides –> faciliated diffusion –> capillaries

35
Q

summary of protein absorption?

A

amino acids (digestive tract) –> co-transport (Na+) –> amino acids (epithelial cells of villi) –> diffusion –> capillaries (vessel)

peptides (<5 a.a.) –> co-transport (H+) –> amino acids –> diffusion –> capillaries

36
Q

summary of lipids absorption?

A

fatty acids –> simple diffusion –> fatty acids –> diffusion –> capillaries

micelles (digestive tract) –> simple diffusion –> triglycerides in chylomicrons (epithelial cells of villi) –> diffusion –> lacteal

37
Q

who proposed the modern understanding of the circulatory system

A

william harvey

38
Q

what were Harvey’s proposals

A

The major blood vessels (arteries & veins) are connected by a single network

Blood flow is unidirectional (due to the presence of one-way valves)

The heart is a central pump (arteries = from heart ; veins = to heart)

Blood flows continuously and is not consumed by the body

39
Q

how are arteries and veins connected

A

capillaries (via arterioles and venules)

40
Q

why are there two sets of atria and ventricles?

A

two distinct locations for blood transport

41
Q

what do the atria act as

A

reservoirs (blood is collected)

42
Q

what do the ventricles act as

A

pumps (expelling the blood)

43
Q

what is systemic circulation + what side of heart

A

left side + oxygenated blood around the body

44
Q

what is pulmonary circulation + what side of heart?

A

right side + deoxygenated blood to the lungs

45
Q

what is the function of arteries

A

convey blood at high pressure from the heart ventricles to the tissues of the body and lungs

biology (11 decks)

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