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History > Topic 6 - How secure was the USSR's control lover Eastern Europe 1948 - 1989 > Flashcards

Topic 6 - How secure was the USSR's control lover Eastern Europe 1948 - 1989 Flashcards

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1
Q

Reasons for opposition to Soviet control. - Hungary

A
  • Hungary ruled by Hargarian Communist Party ( even tho they only had 17% of the vote)
  • repression
    –> censorhip
    –> secret police
    –> restrictions on education
    –> restrictions on religion
  • industral prodcution sent to USSR –> living standards drop
  • former leader “retired”
  • Imre Nagy took fover
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2
Q

Actions planned by Nagy’s government .

A

Introduced a plan to change life in Hungary
- free elctions
- farm land can have private owenership
- reduction in Soviet influence
- withdrawal of Soviet army
- wanted to withdraw from the Warsaw pact

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3
Q

Why did the Hungarians think they would be successful?

A
  • Khrushchev reduced control over satelliet countries after death of Stalin
  • rising of workers in Poland June 1956 and soviet given in to some of their demands
  • Hungarians thought they would have support of the UN and new US president Esenhower
    –> supportive comments in speeches
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4
Q

How did the USSR react to opposition in Hungary?

A
  • at first accepted some reformes
  • but Khrushchev was not prepared to accept Hungary leaving the Warsaw Pact
  • October 1956 agreeed to the demands and removed troops

HOWEVER
- November 1956
- throunds of troops and tanks moved into Dudapest - capital
- street fighting followed –> Hungarians did not give in
- thousands of Hungarians died
- Nagy was imprisoned and executed

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5
Q

Reasons for opposition to Soviet control. - Czechoslovakia in 1968

A
  • restrictive
  • censorship
  • standard of living falling
  • Dubcek introduced idea of “Prague Spring” - 1968
  • Socialism with a human face
    –> abolition of censorship
  • freedom of speech
  • rights for trade unions
  • freedom of movement
  • Made it clear they would not leave Warsaw Pact or end its alliance with soviet union
  • Dubcek planned to cooperate with Romania and Yugoslavia
    –> increased Soviet concerns
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6
Q

Stalin death year / Khrushchev take over year

A

1953

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7
Q

Brezhnev leadership year / Khrushchev step down year

A

1968

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8
Q

USSR reaction to Czechoslovakia in 1968

A
  • Brezhnev instructed Dubcek to stop his reforms
  • pressure was put on Brezhnev
  • Troops from contrives within the Warsaw Pact carried out training exercises along the boarder

August 1968 tanks moved in
- fighting occurred
–> not as bad as Hungary
- Dubcek was removed from power

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9
Q

Brezhnev Doctrine

A

stop events like Hungary and Czechoslovakia again. All Warsaw Pact countries should work together to prevent any attempt by a country to leave the pact. Military force will be used.

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10
Q

How similar were the events in Hungary (1956) and in Czechoslovakia (1968)

Cause
aims
actions
reason for USSR intervention
How each state responded to the intervention
reaction of the wider world

A
  • long term resentment of soviet rule
  • more rights and lessen the control of USSR
  • involved groups of people protesting
  • USSR sus and fear that forms of rebellion and change would spread
  • leaders removed from office
  • mass emigration
  • shocked at the negative use of force.
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11
Q

How different were the events in Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968)

Cause
aims
actions
reason for USSR intervention
How each state responded to the intervention
reaction of the wider world

A
  • Hungary inspired by Poland
  • Czechoslovakia affected by issues at home: economic depresion and desire for political change
  • Hungary withdrawing from the warsaw pact
  • Czechoslovakia did not want to go that far
  • Czechoslovakia dangerous political nature.
    –> “prague Spring” was started by people who were meant to be under soviet control (Dubcek)
  • Hungary armed themselves
  • people did not fight back
    –> several protests
  • some members of the Warsaw pact expressed shock at Soviet action
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12
Q

Berlin Wall (1961)

A
  • walll was to prevent movemnet of people from east to west
    –> anyone trying to defect was shot
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13
Q

Why were people leaving East Berlin?

A
  • Quality of life was better in the West
  • West Germany using Marshall Aid to rebuild
  • freedom
  • wealth
  • capitalism was attractive to those under harsh strict controls
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14
Q

What was the impact of this movement on east Germany

A
  • communists feared no skilled workers would remain as they were leaving in high members
  • negative propaganda
    –> numbers that were leaving communist country
    –> unpopular
    —> west is more attractive
    –> east had to make a wall to keep people in
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15
Q

immediate consequences of building the Berlin wall

A
  • flow of people from east to west stopped
  • Berlin became focus of the cold war
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16
Q

Rise of the Solidarity

A

from the end of WWII no one liked USSR in Poland
many protest about wages and prices in attempt to improve the standard of living
USSR did nothing
1979 - economy crisis point
198- government forced to fair price goods, includnig food, blocking pay increases

people facing poverty went on strikes - spread

Shipyard workers - 21 demands - demanding the right of trade union

right to form union free from government control was accepted “solidarity” was formed

1980

17
Q

Why did USSR agree to meet demands of Solidarity [3]

A

Fear of general strike
- devastate the economy of Poland. it was fine until Shipyard people went on strike (heavy industry)

Popularity
- wide spectrum of Polish life supported this (80%)

Support of the Catholic Church
- strong faith of people

18
Q

Why was action taken against Solidarity in December 1981

A

New prime minister of Poland and Walesa (leader of Solidarity movement) treid to work together but relationship tense.

  • solidarity had gone too far

Prime minister wanted to avoid USSR enerting Poland again

Brezhnev had ordered USSR army to “train” along the Polish boader

  • Solidarity was outlawed

In conclusion:
without military force, communist control was shaky

19
Q

How important was Solidarity?

A

Gorbachev became leader of Soviet Union
–> new reforms
—> reforms did not improve Poland’s economic situation

1988 - strikes were coming back as food costs rose by 40%

Walesa negotitated with the Polish government to find a solution

1989
Solidarity legalised again

Solidarity had demonstrated to the rest of the eastern bloc that communsit control could be resisted.

20
Q

What was the state of USSR in 1985?
Who became leader in 1985?

A
  • USSR citizends had no loyalty to the government
  • controllinng of other countries were outdated
  • no longer affrot the cost of maintaining a military presence
  • econmoy was wak
    stardard of living was low compared to the west
    corruption in the government

Gorbachev became leader!

21
Q

The role of Gorbachev - 2
policies

A

Introduced policy “glasnost”
–> openness

  • freedom of expression
  • more freedom for the media
  • allowing news of government corruption and criticism
  • citizens become aware of Stalin’s brutal excesses

Perestroika
–> restructuring
- aims was to make the USSR economy more modern and dfficient
- private owenership of Soviet industry
- reducing state control over imports / exports
- allowing trade with non-eastern bloc countries
- allowing foreign investments in Russian businesses
- increase in production

22
Q

Gorbachev relationship with Eastern Europe

A
  • can choose their own destiny
  • he would not stand in their way of attempts at democracy in Warsaw Pact countries
  • baandoned the Brezhnev Doctrine –> friendly relationship with the west
  • arms reductions were signed

–> not thought out well
- confused the Soviet people and economic chaos

23
Q

Role of other countries after Gorbachev took over

A

every communist eastern european country held elections

November 1989 Berlin Wall was dismantled
1990 Germnay became a united country

Gorbachev was unable to shield the public from the fact that eastern bloc were much poorer

24
Q

War in Afghanistan

A

Soviets withdrew their arms

25
Q

The role of the USA (end of Cold War)

A

Ronald Reagan sought to end the Cold War.
Him and Gorachev signed treateies to limit nuclear weapons.

USSR found it could not compete US in the “arms race?

it was causing environmental problems anyways-

History (5 decks)

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