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Biology > Topic 6: Exchange with the environment > Flashcards

Topic 6: Exchange with the environment Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What three things affect rate of diffusion

A
  • SA:V ratio
  • Concentration gradient
  • Diffusion Distance
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2
Q

Why do larger organisms need more exchange adaptations

A

They have (typically) a higher metabolic rate, so they need to transport waste material away efficiently

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3
Q

What is Ficks Law

Equation

A

Rate of diffusion = (SA x Conc. Gradient) / distance

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4
Q

What does Ficks Law state

A

That any exchange surface will have:
- A Large Surface Area
- A mechanism to maintain conc. gradient
- Short diffusion pathway

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5
Q

Villi and Microvilli

What is it and what mechanism its found in

A

What
Folds in the walls of an exchange surface and extensions in individual cells on those surfaces
Where
Absorption of digested foods

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6
Q

Alveoli and Bronchioles

What is it and what mechanism its found in

A

What
Air sacs at the end of the bronchioles and small airway passges
*Where *
Gas Exchange

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7
Q

Spiracles and Tracheoles

What is it and what mechanism its found in

A

What
Respiratory openings on the thorax and abdomen on insects to control air flow and small airway passages
Where
Gas Exchange

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8
Q

Gill filaments and Lamellae

What is it and what mechanism its found in

A

What
A tissue on a fish where gas exchange occurs and flaps on these structures to increase surface area
Where
Gas exchange

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9
Q

Thin, Wide leaves

What is it and what mechanism its found in

A

Where
In Plants
What
Gas exchange

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10
Q

Capillary network

What is it and what mechanism its found in

A

What
Many tint blood vessels that surround exchange surfaces to maintain a gradient
Where
Gas exchange

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11
Q

What is the exoskeleton on insects made of and why

A

Chitin, for protection
Lipid Layer, to prevent water loss

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12
Q

What do insects have instead of lungs

A

Tracheal system

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13
Q

Why do insects need gas exchange surfaces

A

Water evaporates off the surface of terrestial insects,
Adaptations of gas exchange prove ideal conditions for evaporation

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14
Q

What are the structures part of the tracheal systems

A
  • Spiracles
  • Trachea
  • Tracheoles
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15
Q

What are Spiracles?

A

Round, valve like openings

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16
Q

Where are the spiracles located

A

They run along the length of the abdomen

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17
Q

What enters and leaves via the spiracles

A

Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

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18
Q

What are the trachea

A

Network of internal tubes

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19
Q

Why do the trachea have rings within them

A
  • To strengthen the tubes
  • To keep them open
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20
Q

What does the trachea branch into

A

Tracheoles

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21
Q

Where do you find the tracheoles

A

deeper in the abdomen

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22
Q

Where do the tracheoles extend to

A

All tissues in the insect

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the tracheoles

A

To deliver oxygen to all respiring cells

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24
Q

What are the three methods of moving gas in the tracheal system

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Mass Transport
  3. Osmosis
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25
Q

How does gas exchange occur by diffusion in the tracheal system?

A
  • Cell respiration uses up O2 and produces CO2.
  • Creates concentration gradient from tracheoles to atmosphere
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26
Q

How does gas exchange occur by Mass Transport in the tracheal system?

A
  • Insect contracts and relaxes its muscles to move gases in larg amounts
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27
Q

How does gas exchange occur by Osmosis in the tracheal system?

A
  • Insect in flight respires anaerobically
  • Produces lactate
  • Lowers water potential of cells
  • Water moves into cells via osmosis
  • Decreases pressure in the tracheoles
  • draws more air from the atmosphere
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28
Q

When will gas exchange by osmosis be facillitated?

A

When the insect is in flight

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29
Q

Name the three adaptations of the tracheal system

A
  • Large SA:V
  • Short Diffusion Pathway
  • Maintained conc gradientt
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30
Q

What is the example of a large surface area in the trahceal system

A

Large abundance of find tracheoles

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31
Q

How is short diffusion pathway implemented in the tracheal system

A

Walls of tracheoles are thin
Distance between spiracles on the outside, and tracheoles on the inside is short

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32
Q

How is a maintained conc gradient implemented in the tracheal system

A

Use of oxygen and production of CO2 creates steep conc gradient

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33
Q

What prevents gas exchange across the surface of fish bodies

A

Their scales making them waterproof

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34
Q

What structure do fish have for gas exchange?

A

Gills

35
Q

What is fish’ SA:V

Small / large

A

Small

36
Q

How do fish obtain oxygen

A

From water

37
Q

How many layers are there on fish gills

A

Four layers

38
Q

What do you call each layer of the gill

A

Gill filament

39
Q

What is each gill filament covered in

A

Lamellae

40
Q

How are the lamellae positioned on the gill filament

A

Adjacent to the gill filament (right angles)

41
Q

Why do fish have lamellae

A

To increase surface area

42
Q

Where does diffusion of oxygen in fish occur

A

On the lamellae

43
Q

How do fish obtain oxygen

A
  • water enters through mouth
  • rushes over gills where oxygen diffuses in lamellae
  • out through a gap in the side of the fish head
44
Q

What is countercurrent exchange?

A

Countercurrent is when the water flows over the gills, in the opposite direction to the flow of blood in the capillaries

45
Q

Why do fish need countercurrent exchange?

A
  • ensures the concentration gradient is maintianed across the entire length of gill lamellae
  • equillibrium of oxygen conc. never reached
46
Q

State and explain the three adaptations do fish have for gaseous exchange?

A
  • Short diffusion distance
    A capillary network within each gill lamellae
  • Large SA:V
    Four gills. stacks of filaments, covered in lamellae
  • Maintain conc. gradient
    Countercurrent flow mechanism
47
Q

Name the main structures of the dicotyledonous leaf

A
  • Waxy cuticle
  • Upper / Lower Epidermis
  • Spongy Mesophyll
  • Palisade Mesophyll
  • Stomata + Guard cells
48
Q

Where does gas exchange happen in leaves

A

Through the stomata on the bottom sides of leaves

49
Q

Explain Gas exchange in leaves

A
  • gas diffuses through the stomata on bottom of leaves
  • CO2 diffuses into spongy mesophyll
  • Spongy mesophyll has ots of space, creates conc. gradient
  • CO2 diffuses up towards the palisade mesophyll
50
Q
A
50
Q

Name and explain three adaptations of leaves for gas exchange

A
  • Large SA:V
    Wide and thin, spongy mesophyll has large sa
  • Short diffusion pathway
    Many stomata, every living cell is close to external air and source of oxygen
  • Maintained conc. gradient
    CO2 and O2 create steep conc. gradient
51
Q

What strcture on the leaf is responsible for reducing water loss

A

Stomata (controlled by guard cells)

52
Q

How do the stomata reduce water loss by evaporation

A
  • Guard cells shrink
  • Stomata close at night
  • because photosynthesis is slows and stops
53
Q

What is a xerophytic plant

A

Adapted to survive in environments with limited water, with features that minimise water loss and maximise efficient gas exchange

54
Q

What are the 5 adaptations of xerophtes

A
  1. Curled leaves
  2. Hairs
  3. Stomata are sunken in folds
  4. Thicker cuticle
  5. Longer root network
55
Q

How do curled leaves help xerophytic plants

A
  • Trap evaporated water
  • Increase local humdidity
  • Reduced conc. gradient
56
Q

How do Hairs help xerophytic plants

A

Trap moisture to increase local humidity

57
Q

How do sunked stomata help xerophytic plants

A
  • stomata sunken in folds
  • trap moisture
  • increase local humdidty
58
Q

How does a thicker cuticle help xerophytic plants

A

Reduces evaporation

59
Q

How do long root networks help xerophytic plants

A

Allows them to reach for more water

60
Q

Define respiration

A

Chemical reaction that releases energy int eh form of ATP

61
Q

(In order), state the pathway of air

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

62
Q

What allows the trachea to expand and contract during ventilation

A

C-shaped cartilage rings

63
Q

Why are th Cartilage rings important for the trachea

A
  • Support the trachea
  • Prevent it from collapsing as you exhale and pressure decreases
64
Q

State and explain the adaptations of the alveoli

A
  • Large SA:V
    Millions of alveoli
  • Short diffusion pathway
    Capillaries and epithelia of alveoli are 1 cell thick
  • Maintained conc. gradient
    Capillary network carries oxygen away from lungs and CO2 towards the lungs
65
Q

How does the capillaries being one cell thick maximise gas exchange

A
  • RBC are slowed as they pass through
  • Diffusion distance minimised
  • Distance between alveoli air and RBC is reduced
66
Q

What are the two main muscles involved with Ventilation

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. Internal / External intercostal muscles
67
Q

What are the internal and external intercostal muscles

A

Antagonistic pair

68
Q

Explain Inspiration (Inhalation)

A
  • External intercostals contract, internal intercostals relax
  • Rib cage moves up and out
  • Diaphragm contracts, moves down
  • Increases volume
  • Lowers pressure
  • Air rushes into lungs
69
Q

Explain Expiration (Exhalation)

A
  • Internal intercostals contract, external intercostals relax
  • Rib cage moves down and in
  • Diaphragm relaxes back to dome shape
  • Decreased volume, increased pressure
  • Air rushes out
70
Q

Define tidal volume

A

The amunt of air that is moved into or out of the lungs in a given time

71
Q

Define pulmonary ventilation rate

A

Total volume of air that is moved into the lungs in one minute

72
Q

What is the equation for pulmonary ventilation rate

A

Pulmonary ventilation rate = tidal volume x breathing rate

73
Q

What is a spirometer

A
  • Instrument used to measure lung capacity
  • You blow out into it as much as you can with a nose plug on
74
Q

How does bronchitis affect gas exchange

A
  • Inflammation of bronchioles
  • mucus production decreases air flow
  • deccreases amount of oxygen entering
  • decreases amount of CO2 leaving
  • minimises the conc. gradient
  • minimises gas exchange
75
Q

What is asthma

A
  • Chronic condition
  • Inflammation of the airways
  • Produces mucus
  • decreases air flow
76
Q

What is pulmonary fibrosis

A
  • Scarring of the lungs
  • damages alveoli
  • thickens walls of tissue
  • decreases sa
  • reduces gas exchange
77
Q

What two main enzymes digest carbohydrates

A
  • Salivary amylase
  • Membrane bound disaccharidases
78
Q

Describe digestion of carbohydrates

A
  • Salivary amylase hydrolyses polysaccharides into disacchardie maltose, via hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds
  • Travels to duodenum, which recieves enzymes via ducts from the pancrease
  • In duodenum and ileum, membrane bound disaccharidases hydrolyse disaccharides into monosaccharides
79
Q

What are the disaccharides and their monosaccharides

and their disaccharidases

A
  • Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
    (maltase)
  • Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
    (sucrase)
  • Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
    (lactase)
80
Q

Name and explain the three enzymes that hydrolyse protiens

A
  1. Endopeptidases
    Hydrolyses peptide bonds in the middle of polypeptide
  2. Exopeptidases
    Hydrolyses peptide bonds at the end of polypeptide chain
  3. Membrane bound dipeptidases
    Hydrolyse peptide bonds between two amino acids
81
Q

Where does protien digestion start

A

In the stomach

82
Q
A

Biology (9 decks)

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