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bio 240 > topic 6 > Flashcards

topic 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

anabolism

A

consumes energy

- biosynthesis of macromolecules

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2
Q

catabolism

A

breaking things down

  • energy for mobility
  • transport of nutrients
  • for bio synthesis
  • fermentation of acids, alcohols, carbon dioxide
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3
Q

macronutrient requirements

A
  • necessary to sustain by all cells

- carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen

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4
Q

micronutrient requirements

A
  • only by some cells in smaller amounts

- iron, copper, sodium, magnesium, Mn

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5
Q

energy sources

A

need to oxidate (gain electrons) for ETC

  • photo
  • -> extract electrons from organic and inorganic (cynobacteria)
  • chemo
  • -> organic or inorganic
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6
Q

where electrons for energy comes from

A
  • from organic molecules like glucose

- from litho (rock) inorganic molecules like ammonia, water, sulfur

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7
Q

heterotroph

A
  • get carbon source from fixed organic carbon (carbon-carbon bonds)
  • eat biomass made by autotrophs
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8
Q

autotroph

A
  • get carbon source from gaseous inorganic carbon dioxide

- primary producers, bottom of food chain

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9
Q

naming based on nutrient take up

A

(energy source) + (electrons source ) + (carbon source) + (troph)
- photo/ chemo + organo/ litho + hetero/auto + trop

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10
Q

chemoorganotrophs

A

energy from oxidation of organic compound

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11
Q

chemolithotrophs

A

energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds

only in prokaryotes

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12
Q

phototrophs

A

energy from light captured by pigments

oxygenic or anoxygenic

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13
Q

why need carbon?

A
  • energy storage

- structural support

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14
Q

conservation of energy

A

capture energy and using it for other processes

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15
Q

nitrogen

A
  • second most important to make amino acids, nucleic acids

- original form of ammonia

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16
Q

growth rate

A

dependent on amount of nutrients in environment

- plateaus because something eventually runs out

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17
Q

limiting factor

A

a key nutrient available in the lowest amount

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18
Q

aerobic growth

A
  • obligate aerobes require oxygen
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19
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

cannot grow with oxygen

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20
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

indifferent to oxygen

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21
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

grow in absence of oxygen but prefer when oxygen present

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22
Q

microaerophiles

A

grow best in low levels of oxygen

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23
Q

toxic oxygen species

A
  • oxygen being the final electron acceptor in the ETC, has side reactions and production of reactive oxygen species that are bad
  • -> oxygen isnt necessarily bad, just the side products
  • are oxidizing agents, oxidize other things (gain electrons)
  • rip electrons from dna, proteins and lipids and oxidize other molecules
  • need enzymes to handle reactive oxygen to eliminate the reactive species
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24
Q

singlet oxygen (O2)

A

antioxidants, carotenoid pigment

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25
Q

superoxide anion (O2-)

A

cellular defense through enzymes superoxide dismutaste, super oxide reductase enzymes

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26
Q

hydroxyl radical (OH-)

A

due to reduction of oxygen during respiration and other redox reactions
cellular defense through antioxidants, glutathione

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27
Q

hydrogen peroxide

A

due to reduction of oxygen during respiration and other redox reactions
cellular defense with enzymes catalase and peroxidase remember

28
Q

catalase test

A

hydrogen peroxide is converted to water and oxygen gas
h2o2 –> h2o + o2
positive test –> bubbling
negative test –> no bubble

29
Q

effects of pH

A

cytoplasm at around neutral pH

  • macromolecule structures
  • transmembrane electrochemical gradients
  • always an optimal ph range
  • intracellular ph is relatively neutral
  • in pH extremes intracellularly found to be 4.6-9.5
30
Q

acidophiles

A

1-5.5 pH

31
Q

neutrophiles

A

6 - 8.5 pH

32
Q

alkalophiles

A

8.5 - 13.5 pH

33
Q

osmotic pressure

A

solute concentration changes result in influx or efflux of water that can cause stress to cell by swelling or shrinking

34
Q

water activity in cell

A

water is used for biochem reaction

  • measure by water activity aw
  • decrease in aw means increase in interaction with solutes
  • pure water has water activity (aw) 1
    • –> because measured by vapour pressure of air in equilibrium with sample/vapour pressure of air with pure water
  • seawater has water activity (aw) 0.98
  • bacteria require aw > 0.9
  • measuring vapour pressure above a solution of water that allows assessment of moisture content
35
Q

significance of water activity

A

allows us to understand which bacteria is mostly likely to grow where

  • streptococcus and escherichia coli are able to survive water activity of human blood
  • caulobacter and spirillium in pure water
36
Q

theory of water activity

A
  • water wants to move into cell
37
Q

temperature

A
  • affect macromolecule structure, membrane fluidity, enzyme function
  • different optimal temperature growth ranges
38
Q

psychrophiles

A

-15-10 degrees C

39
Q

mesophiles

A

10-40 degrees C

40
Q

thermophiles

A

55-80 degrees C

41
Q

hyperthermophiles

A

80-120 degrees C

42
Q

temperature response curve

A

optimum growth is at maximum possible rate of growth at a given temperature before…

  • -> point of denaturation
  • -> collapse of cytoplasmic membrane
  • -> thermal lysis
43
Q

chlamydomonas nivalis

A

of the snow

  • snow algae, red snow, blood snow, watermelon snow
  • carotenoids makes it red, accessor pigment of chlorophyll
  • captures light energy, heat energy that melts snow and increases water activity
  • high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in membrane because very fluid membrane
  • psychrophile
  • -> less than 15 degree C for optimal temperature
  • -> enzymes denature to moderate temperature
44
Q

psychrotolerance

A
  • able to grow 0 - 4 degree C
  • optimal growth in moderate temperatures so mesophiles
  • found in soil, creeks, and home temperature climates
  • e coli
45
Q

hyperthermophiles

A

supervolcano

boiling spring superheaded to 1-2 degree above boiling point

46
Q

hot environments

A 
soil during summer: 55 degrees 
compost: 55 degree 
hot spring: BO of water 
deep sea hydrothermal vents: 350 degree 
hot water heaters: <50 degree
47
Q

molecular adaptations

A
  • favour proteins and enzymes that will function optimally at higher temperatures
  • amino acid substitutions in locations that produce heat tolerant folds
  • resist unfolding in aqueous cytoplasm with ionic bonds between acidic and basic residues
  • stabilize proteins with certain solutes
  • saturated cytoplasm membranes, lower fluidity
48
Q

media

A 
solid media: agar plate 
- polysaccharide from algae solidfying agent 
- stays solid 
- 
liquid media: broth
49
Q

complex media

A
  • unknown chemical composition
50
Q

defined media

A

known chemical composition

- need to be able to draw chemical structures as well as exact measurments

51
Q

selective media

A

allows for isolation of microbes with specific properties

52
Q

differential media

A

allows for certain microbes be recognized based on visual reactions in medium

53
Q

enriched media

A

used to increase population of microbes with specific property

54
Q

pure culture

A
  • in a solid medium, cells are held in place on a surface and can be easily isolated
55
Q

streak plate method

A

streaks, flaming inbetween, where u end up with pure isolated colony

56
Q

spread plate method

A

0.1 mL sample spread on surface of agar plate with hockey sticks so colonies on surface of agar

57
Q

pour plate method

A

1 mL of sample added to molten agar medium and poured into plate so bacterial colonies on surface and in agar
- must be thermotolerant ~40 degrees C

58
Q

quantifying microbes

A
  • direct count
    counted under a microscope, loaded onto a chamber slide with grid
  • viable cell count
    serial dilutions and CFUs (colony forming unit per mL)
  • turbidity measurements
59
Q

spectrophotometer

A
  • sends light through a culture
  • light absorbance measure of cell density in tube
  • doesnt work as well in death phase due to high levels of waste
60
Q

four basic phases in the microbial growth curve

A

lag phase
- min amount of viable cell
- min turbidity
exponential phase
- after the lag phase, then exponential growth of growth and turbidity
stationary phase
- run out of nutritional need and plateau
death phase
- exponential decrease of viable cell and optical density with viable cell decrease much steeper than turbidity

61
Q

generation time in microbial growth curve

A

time to double population

62
Q

growth rate

A

of generations/unit of time, inverse of generation time

63
Q

growth yield

A

max pop density/ amount of cellular material produced by culture

64
Q

continuous culture

A
  • always in exponential growth
  • to keep microorganisms in limited but continuous flow
  • chemostat flows fresh medium and takes out old medium
  • rate of growth partly dictated by pump
65
Q

control of microbial growth

A
  • filtration
  • -> sterilization purposes, or differential but need high pressure because pore sizes are very small
  • -> wont work for viscous fluids only liquid and gas
  • -> gentler than using heat
  • temperature manipulation
  • ->
  • radiation
  • ->
  • chemical control
  • ->

bio 240 (2 decks)

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