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gcse physics year 11 > topic 6 > Flashcards

topic 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the effect of each type of radiation based on

A

how much energy the wave transfers

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2
Q

what happens when low frequency waves pass through soft tissue

A

they don’t transfer much energy and so mostly pass through soft tissue without being absorbed

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3
Q

why are high frequency waves dangerous

A

because they all transfer lots of energy and so can cause lots of damage

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4
Q

what is UV radiation damaging to

A

-surface cells, which can lead to sunburn and cause skin to age prematurely

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5
Q

what are the serious effects of uv radiation

A

it can cause blindness and an increased risk of skin cancer

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6
Q

give 2 examples of ionising radiation

A

gamma rays and X-rays

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7
Q

gamma and x-rays carry enough energy to do what …

A

knock electrons off of atoms

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8
Q

how is ionising radiation dangerous

A

it can cause gene mutation, cell destruction or even cancer

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9
Q

what is radiation dose measured in

A

sieverts

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10
Q

what is radiation dose

A

a measure of the risk of harm from the body being exposed to radiation

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11
Q

what does the risk of radiation dose depend on

A

the total amount of radiation absorbed and how harmful the type of radiation is

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12
Q

what are optic fibres

A

thin glass or plastic fibres that can carry data from telephones or computers over long distances as pulses of visible light

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13
Q

how do optic fibres transmit data

A

by using visible light

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14
Q

how does light rays work by

A

reflection- the light rays are bounced back and forth until they reach the end of the fibre

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15
Q

why is visible light used in optic fibres

A

because it is easy to refract light enough so that it remains in a narrow fibre

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16
Q

how do you get a clearer x-ray image, what does it depend on

A

it depends on the amount of x-ray radiation that is absorbed through the body

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17
Q

what is x-rays and gamma rays used to treat

A

cancer

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18
Q

what can gamma radiation also be used as

A

a medical tracer- this is where a gamma-emitting source is injected into the patient, and its progress is followed around the body

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19
Q

how do radiographers keep safe from x-ray and gamma radiation

A

they stand behind a lead screen, wear lead aprons or leave the room

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20
Q

what do fluorescence light generate and what is it re-emitted as

A

UV radiation- which is absorbed and re-emitted as visible light by a layer of phosphorus on the inside of a bulb

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21
Q

why are fluorescence lights good

A

because they are energy-efficient and and can be used when light is needed for a long period of time

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22
Q

what can security pens used to do

A

used to mark properties with names and can only glow under UV light

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23
Q

what is uv radiation produced by

A

the sun

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24
Q

what does communication to and from satellites use

A

microwaves

25
Q

if you want to use microwaves for communication what do the microwaves need to pass through

A

the earth’s watery atmosphere

26
Q

in microwave ovens what do the microwaves need to be absorbed by

A

water molecules in the food

27
Q

absorbing IR radiation causes objects to what …

A

become hotter

28
Q

what can IR radiation be used for

A

-cameras to see detect houses or objects and electric heaters

29
Q

what are EM waves made up of

A

oscillating electric and magnetic fields

30
Q

what type of current is made up of oscillating charges

A

alternating currents

31
Q

as charges oscillate, what do they produce

A

oscillating electric and magnetic fields or electromagnetic fields

32
Q

what are radio waves mostly used for

A

communication

33
Q

when waves travel through a medium what happens to the particles

A

the particles of the medium oscillate and transfer energy between each other

34
Q

what is the wavelength

A

the distance between the trough of one wave and the trough of wave next to it

35
Q

what is the frequency

A

the number of complete waves passing a certain point per second

36
Q

describe the oscillations in transverse waves

A

they are perpendicular (at 90 degree angles) to the direction of energy transfer

37
Q

give 3 examples of transverse waves

A
  • all electromagnetic waves
  • ripples and waves in water
  • a wave on a string
38
Q

describe the oscillations in longitudinal waves

A

the oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer

39
Q

give an example of a longitudinal wave

A

a sound wave in the air

40
Q

name the 3 things that can happen when a wave meets a boundary between 2 materials

A

1) the wave is ABSORBED by the second material
2) the wave is TRANSMITTED through the second material
3) the wave is REFLECTED

41
Q

electromagnetic waves are what type of waves

A

transverse waves

42
Q

what are electromagnetic waves vibrations of

A

electric and magnetic fields , this means that they can travel through a vacuum (space)

43
Q

from the start of the EM wave spectrum, describe the frequency and the wavelength

A

it has a long wavelength and low frequency

44
Q

at the end of the EM wave spectrum, describe the frequency and the wavelength

A

it has a short wavelength and high frequency

45
Q

what is refraction

A

when waves hit a boundary at an angle and change direction

46
Q

what happens when a wave crosses boundary between 2 materials

A

it changes speed

47
Q

what is the optical density of a material

A

a measure of how quickly light can travel through a material

48
Q

what is wave speed

A

the speed at which the wave moves through the medium (i.e. the speed at which energy is transferred)

49
Q

1Hz=

A

1 wave per second

50
Q

wave speed (m/s)=

A

frequency (Hz) X wave length (m)

51
Q

how can we make sure that the results are accurate for reaction times (3)

A
  • take results and remove any results that are anomalous -calculate mean value
  • more people with timers
52
Q

how can we reduce the problem of pressing the timer at correct times

A

by increasing the distance between the 2 people

53
Q

what happens to waves when they change direction

A

it changes speed

54
Q

when light passes from air into glass what happens

A

the velocity of light decreases (the light waves slow down.)

this causes the direction of the wave to change

55
Q

when waves slow down they …

A

bend towards the normal

56
Q

what happens when …

waves pass from the glass back to the air

A

their velocity increases- the light waves speed up

57
Q

what happens when waves speed up

A

they bend away from the normal

58
Q

when can refraction happen

A

when any wave changes speed as it passes from one medium to another

gcse physics year 11 (8 decks)

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