Topic 5: UK's Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards
Compare the population density in the urban core and rural areas.
Urban Core:
Population density - High
Economic activity - Higher concentration
Age structure - Many young adults, many single people
Pay levels - Higher
Rural Areas:
Population density - Low
Economic activity - Fewer job opporunities
Age structre - Many older people, some single people
Pay levels - Lower
What sectors of work are there in Urban and Rural areas?
Urban - Mainly the tertiary sector and manufacturing - Retailing, factories, libraries
Rural - More primary industry - Farming, tourism, mining
Explain two problems found in rural areas
Some rural areas have high levels of poverty, as a result of few employment opportunites making young people leave.
How have UK/EU policies tried to reduce differences in wealth between urban and rural areas?
Enterprise zones - Bringing industry to poorer, rural areas by offering benefits.
Transport - Linking major cities which will make journeys quicker, bringing industry and jobs to poorer, rural areas. E.g. HS2.
Regional Development - Providing training to poorer, rural areas to improve local people’s skills which attracts businesses, etc.
How have migration levels changed in the UK from 1975?
Since 1975, migration has increased.
How has migration changed the population distribution in the UK?
More migrants moving to major cities.
Wealthy people move out of cities to seek a better quality of life in rural areas.
Many older people move to coastal areas in the east and south west of England when they retire.
What age of people most migrate and how does this affect population?
There is a large number of young migrants (20-29)
Increase the brith rate (account for 27% of babies born)
Explain how different migration patterns (from different areas of the world) has increased diversity.
After the second world war, immigration from Commonwealth countries happened.
Since 1995, the EU has allowed free movement of people, increased the number of European migrants to the UK.
2004, eight new countries joined the EU, e.g. Polish people came to the UK and worked in mainly low-paid jobs e.g. catering and agriculture.
International immigration has increased cultural diversity - immigrants introduce languages, food, arts, festivals and fashion.
Explain how and why employment has varied in these sectors: Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.
Primary sector (Decreased) Machines do the jobs, cheaper alternative fuels
Secondary sector (Decreased) Machines do the work, global shift
Tertiary (Increased) People have more disposable income to spend
Quaternary (Increased) Making use of the UK’s skilled university graduates
Explain how the decline in secondary industry has occurred in Burnley.
Burnley had a thriving economy based on textiles.
From 1914, the textiles industry in the UK began to collapse.
Burnley has struggled to recover economically.
Explain how tertiary and quaternary industry has boomed in South Wales.
After coal mining and iron making in South Wales declined due to overseas competition, many people lived in poverty.
In 1992, the different parts of the region started to work together more to achieve economic growth. They aimed to improve transport networks, attract businesses, increase skills and draw visitors to the area.
What is FDI and what are examples of it?
FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) - a company investing money in a different country.
Three things have increased FDI into the UK. Explain these and why they encouraged investors to invest into the UK.
Globalisation is the process of countries becoming more integrated. Transport and communications making it easier for companies to operate in the UK.
Privatisation is when services that were run by the UK government have been offered to private firms. This has increased FDI because foreign firms can buy them or merge them with their existing businesses.
Free Trade Policies reduce import and export restrictions. Companies can move goods and services freely between the UK and their home country.
FDI into the UK has been good for some things because…
Jobs are created
Large scale projects can be built that the UK government can’t afford to pay for
TNCs often lead the way in developing new products, technology and business practices which can be used by other firms to increase productivity .
FDI into the UK has been bad for some things because…
It can lead to over reliance on TNCs - if there’s a problem elsewhere in the world, the U.K.’s economy is affected
There are big effective TNCs choose to relocate or change suppliers
Local businesses struggle to compete against TNCs.
Describe London’s Site, Situation and Connectivity.
Site: The flat floodplain of the River Thames where it meets the sea.
Situation: Capital city of England in the South East of England.
Connectivity: Well connected nationally and internationally by trains, roads and planes.
Explain how London is significant nationally, regionally (European) and globally (world).
Companies are attracted to the region by the proximity to London, which increases jobs and wealth.
One of the most important financial centres in the world. There are more foreign banks in London than anywhere else.
Describe London’s structure in terms of where the CBD, Inner City, Suburbs and RUF are found.
CBD - City of London
Inner City - Newham, Chelsea
Suburbs - Surbiton, Kingston upon Thames
RUF - Crockenhill, Sevenoaks, Thurrock
Describe how function (purpose of land e.g industry), land use (type of building e.g. factory), building age, density and environmental quality change as you move from the CBD to RUF.
CBD - Commercial use, high-rise office blocks and historical buildings
Inner City - Low-class residential/High-class residential, old terraced housing, high rise flats, modern apartments
Suburbs - Middle-class residential, 20th Century semi-detached housing, shops, restaurants, gardens
RUF - High-class residential, Industrial, Commercial, Large detached and semi-detached houses with gardens, industry includes oil refineries, manufacturing and a container port.
As you go out - increasing open space, decreasing building density
How is migration and natural increase (births>deaths) increasing London’s population?
Increasing it. More people moving in for work. More babies being born.
Where do most migrants arrive and live first? Why is this?
At first they seek cheap rented accommodation. They are not eligible for social housing, and so take private rented property in inner city areas.
Where do more established migrants move to? Why?
Migrants who have been in London for longer tend to move out to the suburbs as they become more settled.
How has the character of different parts of London changed with migration? Consider each of: age structure, ethnicity, housing, services and culture.
Age structure - high percentage of people aged 25-34 in inner city London and a lower proportion of people over 65.
Ethnicity - ethnic diversity is higher in inner city areas.
Housing - immigration may add to overcrowding in some areas. Poorer immigrants often live in older terraces and 1960-70s council tower blocks in the inner city, which are more affordable.
Services - an increasing demand for services such as education and health care, however areas in the inner city where immigration rates are higher are often poorer so its difficult to provide what’s needed.
Culture - immigrants choose to settle near people with the same ethnic background giving the area a distinct ethnic character. Lots of food, music and goods from that culture can be found there.
What is meant by inequality?
The extreme differences between places. This could be differences in income or access to services.
